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在史料体系中理解历史中的细节与“碎片”
2017-08-25 04:16:37 中国青年网
【争鸣与商榷】
编者按
本报史学版2017年5月22日、7月26日分别发表了仲伟民《在历史小碎片中发现大历史——兼评〈明清歇家研究〉的学术贡献》、高寿仙《准确把握历史的细节和碎片——也以明清歇家为例》两篇文章。仲文对《明清歇家研究》给予高度评价,认为“这项研究成果的意义巨大,可以说是从历史碎片中发现大历史的一个典型成果”;高文则对其中一些观点提出商榷,强调对历史细节和碎片的把握必须准确,对其定位必须适度,要注意克服研究微观问题时的偏爱情绪和评价偏差。今天,我们刊发《明清歇家研究》作者胡铁球的回应文章。期待专家学者围绕这一话题尤其是明清基层社会的支配力量及明清区域社会研究的范式反思等继续交流,推动相关研究深入发展。
高寿仙先生的文章读后让我受益匪浅,但也让我产生了更多的疑惑。先生所选的几个问题,我自己并没有深挖,只是作为现象提出,加起来不足2000字,不到《明清歇家研究》篇幅的千分之三。在该文中,先生提出两个核心问题:一是从细节和“碎片”中来探讨“大历史”,其细节和“碎片”必须准确,这一点我完全赞同,但细节或“碎片”的理解与解读,需放在史料体系中去,仅依靠一段单独文字来理解,往往会误读;二是歇家的存在能否动摇“乡绅社会”“宗族社会”等传统观点,这个问题从不同的角度思考会有不同的答案。我认为,我国古代社会是一个受政府支配的社会,要理解明清基层社会的性质,必须从政府如何将民间力量整合到自己的系统中去思考,纳入官府系统中的民间力量往往是最强大的,因为其可以利用公柄谋利而不断壮大。现略述如下。
历史中的细节与“碎片”要放到史料体系中把握
史料含义必须在史料群中来理解,高先生对我所描述的“在京法司歇家”“兵歇家”“驿站歇家”“解户歇家”四类歇家进行了批评。其中“驿站歇家”并非我所提出,而是把它归入“保人歇家”类,指出这是一种特殊的“保人(保歇)”。在引吕坤所言驿站这段史料之前,我费了近2400字,引了26条文献及契约文书来论证歇家在诉讼领域做保人的普遍性。且在第18章《歇家在司法领域的职能及其与州县关系考》中,进一步引证了大量史料来论证歇家充当保人的原因及其主要职责,并指出明清司法领域有“押保”与“委保”两大系统,这两大系统共同保证了诉讼正常运转,这是制度性的规定。明清政府之所以让歇家担当“委保”,其中一个最核心的原因是囚房条件过差,经常囚死人。为了防止这些悲剧的发生,明清政府一般在犯人没有定罪之前交由歇家看管羁押。即使在犯人定罪之后,若是轻刑犯或病犯也可由歇家保领在外羁押服刑,如“押犯太多,于卫生有碍,拟请将情罪较轻之犯概交歇保……保释出之押犯已有百余名之多”;又“吴朱成患病取保,确有歇家刘章茂保状”,诸如此类史料甚多。正因为如此,所以“保歇”成了“羁所”“班房”的另一种称呼,即“羁所又名班房,又名保歇”。而歇家也被称为“保人歇家”,如《大清律例》规定:“保人歇家串通衙门行贿者,照不系在官人役,取受有事人财科断。”因为是制度性规定,所以明清两朝不断强调呈状时:“无歇家保状者不准”“无歇家作保者,概不收阅”,这几乎是全国通行的做法。因此自明嘉靖年间设立“委保”制度后,在明清司法领域中的“保人”,基本上指的是“歇家”。
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