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是“航行自由”,还是海洋霸权

2017-08-25 04:16:32   中国青年网

今年以来,美国海军第七舰队舰船在日本海、马六甲海峡等地发生一连串碰撞或搁浅事故,造成多名美国士兵伤亡。原本意在“维护航行自由”的美国军舰,现在却屡次殃及亚洲海域正常行驶的各国渔船、货轮、油轮,成为海上交通安全的风险来源。这不仅加深了外界对美国海军内部军纪管理、人员素质的忧虑,而且也令人质疑美军手伸得太长,以至于自乱阵脚,成为亚太海洋安全面临的挑战因素。

近年来,随着美国防务战略重回“海洋根基”,并且从地缘战略层面上重视“重返亚太”,美国海军作为美国在亚太军事存在的最鲜明符号,成为美军加大前沿部署的重要倚靠力量。它除了要运行在韩国、日本和关岛的军事基地,在菲律宾、澳大利亚轮岗驻守,每年开展诸多例行的双边和多边海上联合演习外,还要为确保亚太海域所谓“航行自由”进行巡逻。7月底,根据美国媒体报道,特朗普政府刚刚批准了五角大楼要求美军“例行、规律地”在南海开展“航行自由”行动的年度计划,相关航行请求将会“更快得到批准”,这意味着美国还将更频繁地巡航南海。美军为维护海洋霸权而“超负荷运转”,其捉襟见肘、力不从心的一面早已显现。

实际上,在全球化时代,南海作为世界上最拥挤的航线之一,沿海国大多以对外贸易立国,航行自由对于中国和世界各国来说同样重要。南海的航行自由从来没有受到过破坏,何需美国维护?所谓“航行自由”,作为美军的一项行动计划,是1979年美国卡特政府在《联合国海洋法公约》谈判进入最后阶段的紧要关头,单方面、抢先推出的。当时,围绕《海洋法公约》的谈判显示出,广大发展中国家对世界海底资源分配以及和平利用海洋提出了一系列新主张,海洋政治力量对比发生了有利于发展中国家的新变化,一个有别于海洋霸权时代的海洋新秩序正在形成。在此背景下,美方担忧:“鉴于美国在世界事务中的显著地位,它感到不得不采取主动去保卫其权利免受沿海国家的非法侵蚀。”

“航行自由”行动计划应运而生,就是要在美国不加入《海洋法公约》的情况下,凭借强大的海空力量,以武力和胁迫手段,维护美国军事力量出入各大洋的自由,保证美军在全球的机动畅通,从而阻止海洋新秩序的诞生,维护美国的海洋霸权。可见,该计划充分体现了美国企图主导海洋秩序的意图,以及对国际法合则用、不合则弃的霸权逻辑和“美国例外”思维。

例如,该计划声称,当美国认为他国对海洋提出“过度主张”时,就会派出军舰或飞机进行“自由航行”或“飞越”,以确认美国所主张的“航行自由权”没有受到影响。2014年、2015年,美国军方“航行自由”行动挑战的国家和地区数目分别达到19个和13个,被波及者不仅有中国这样的“锁定目标”,还包括日本、韩国等盟友。美国在相关政策文件中表明,希望通过日常化的“自由航行”,形成惯例,既监督他国遵守海洋法,也使美国的海洋主张被他国所接受。这清楚地展现了美国旨在在《海洋法公约》之外另行创设国际法、防止沿海国挑战美国海洋霸权的企图。值得注意的是,“航行自由”行动计划具体由美国国防部和国务院负责制定,海军执行。这也是美国把国内法律和制度规定强加给其他国家,以国内法塑造国际海洋规则的集中体现。

以往,美军开展“航行自由”行动,一般保持低调,不事先通知相关沿海国政府,所以外界舆论和公众对此类军事宣示行动并未予以过多关注。但现在,为了在南海制造影响力,美军不是低调航行,而是大张旗鼓,甚至向日本、澳大利亚等盟友发出联合巡航的邀请。这种单边主义行动不仅伤及国际法的权威,也遭到多数沿海国的反对。以中美海上摩擦为例,可以说,2001年“EP-3撞机”事件、2009年“无瑕号”事件及近年来美国插手南海造成的一系列紧张事态,都是由美方所谓“航行自由”引起的。

美海军第七舰队以生命为代价,换来的不应当只是“换将”“追责”和对海军全球行动的“暂停”,还应有对“航行自由”计划合法性、有效性的检讨。

(作者:沈雅梅 系中国国际问题研究院美国研究所副所长)

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