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庄子的逍遥游

2017-08-24 07:48:01   中国青年网

◎刘小川(作家)

庄子的漫游加神游,大约举世无双。历史长河中几乎没人像庄子这么善变,总是能够生活在别处。“君子不器”,庄周先生为最。他是固化、异化的天敌。

在孔孟之道统摄社会之前,中国的个体还比较多。秦汉以降,群体渐成趋势,魏晋所谓人的自觉或曰人的多元远不能代表大多数。庄子的意义在于使固化的事物疏松。他构成了追求秩序的孔孟之道的反向运动。他自称老子的学生,经常梦见老子,猜想老子。一如孔夫子梦见周公。

庄子式的逍遥,游于物,活得天宽地阔,我们的孩提时代是知道的。——身体知道的事情比大脑更多。这才是严格意义上的身心自由。西方的对象化思维、算计型思维,正在破坏我们的自由,收缩我们丰富的、极具本土性的生活世界。

庄子是一个没有年龄的人,一辈子拥有绵延起伏、密度有异的心理时间,而不是水平线单向度、均匀流动的物理时间;庄子能回流,“门前流水尚能西。”其生存也没有朝向,似乎同时朝着四面八方。除了老聃之外,中国几千年没人像他如此灵动,如此游刃有余。庖丁解牛,庄子便是庖丁,把握了事物的整体与局部。庄子重如山,又轻得像一根灯草。庄子疾如风,又能站成一根木桩。庄子的身影忽而深渊,忽而云端……他留下的生命谜团,乃是中国人的永久性谜团。庄子式的神秘拢集了天地万物的神秘。

万物不能被技术穷尽。庄子意味着永恒生发。

庄子观鱼,乐游鱼之所乐。庄子登山弹大鸟,忽然停弓,化身为一飞冲天的鲲鹏。庄子闲坐陋室,冥思时光之飞逝,瞥见白驹过隙。庄子命名的蛮、触两个小国,位于蜗牛角上,长期恶斗不息,伏尸数万,“一微尘里斗精神”。庄子庄严宣布:道在瓦片下,道在屎尿中……孔子梦周公,庄生梦蝴蝶,前者追慕周礼三千,后者要将人生的樊笼彻底打破。大大小小的樊笼多得数不清,形形色色的生存之遮蔽,连圣人老子也辨别不完。

庄子式的神游漫游,深入事物的千姿百态,将低沸点的、朴素的欣悦发挥到极致。这与佛祖释迦牟尼的拈花微笑殊途同归。

庄子是各种动物和无数小虫子的好朋友,尽管他观鱼吃鱼,爱鸟射鸟。我估计庄子也会吃虫子,吃甲壳虫或毛毛虫,必要的时候尝尝屎尿。齐物,齐生死,超然物外,一切顺乎自然。“天地不仁,以万物为刍狗。”庄子以老子的口吻到处提倡无情,帮新寡的妇人扇干亡夫的坟,让寡妇尽快改嫁。无情有何妙处?无情方能游于万事万物,不沾,不滞,不执。天地之道在于四季循环,生死交替,老天爷不会为鲜花的枯萎伤心。

“天若有情天亦老”,天不老,人要向天学道。情和欲总相连,情烈欲盛,难免执着于某一国、某一事、某一理念,于是要发动战争。庄子思想的土壤之一是战乱,他倒是不提倡战争,这一点,也许西方的哲学家思得更远。

无论居家还是远游,庄周都能抵达游的本质和最佳状态。这就无所不游其极了。庄子逍遥,击中了古今绝大多数人的不逍遥,所以他该流芳千古,矗立于东方文明的核心。“乘物以游心”,讲得多好。“得至美而游乎至乐”,可惜庄子享受的至美至乐,我们这些人享受不到。庄子能看见无,而拥有这般慧眼的人寥若晨星。

末了,引用鲁迅语:“我们虽然是孔子的挂牌门徒,却是庄子的私淑弟子。”

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