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儿童散学归来早
2017-08-24 07:47:58 中国青年网
◎周啸天(诗人、四川大学教授)
村居
(清)高鼎
草长莺飞二月天,
拂堤杨柳醉春烟。
儿童散学归来早,
忙趁东风放纸鸢。
这首诗是清代诗人高鼎晚年归隐于上饶地区,闲居农村时即兴之作,完全达到了《千家诗》的水平。
“草长莺飞二月天”两句写江南春天景色,首句活用丘迟《与陈伯之书》的名句:“暮春三月,江南草长,杂花生树,群莺乱飞。”“草长”的“长”读第三声(仄声),方合于声律对平仄的要求。
“拂堤杨柳醉春烟”写江南水乡,柳条长势特好,枝条很长,下垂着像在抚摸堤岸。总之,这两句的化用、描写、形容都非常好。然而,这不是全诗的重心所在,只是为下两句预作铺垫。
“儿童散学归来早”两句写村童中小学生的活动,这两句一“散”一“忙”、一弛一张,堪得绝句之法。儿童放学后,有几个选项,一个是赶紧做作业,一个是抓紧放牛割草,如果这样做,便符合“乖娃娃”的标准。但诗人不写乖娃娃,须知这是写诗,得把思想教育放到一边,写乖娃娃不如写顽皮儿童,写出儿童天真可爱的一面。于是挑了第三个选项,就是放风筝,“忙趁东风放纸鸢”,最符合儿童的天性。读了一天的书,该放松一下了。虽然这放松也是以“忙”的形式出现,但他忙得快乐,也就是放松了。
而“忙趁东风”的“趁”字下得极好,那是儿童要马上放风筝的理由,因为放风筝不能无风,也不能是狂风、乱风,出现了好风时,就是抓住时机,就得“忙趁”。“诗可以观”,“忙趁”二字,就得力于诗人对生活细致的观察。
于是,这首诗不但写出了村童的天真活泼,也写出了家长的豁达开明。做够作业再耍,和耍够了再做作业,不过是朝三暮四的关系。关键是家长要善于把握时机,因势利导。在孩子心猿意马之时,不要强迫他静心,以免事倍功半。
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