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“中古文章学”发微

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

《文心雕龙》 资料图片

中古文章学,是以文章为研究本位的文学理论体系。其发生、发展经历了由汉魏以迄中唐约600年,而《文心雕龙》则集前代之大成,开唐人之法门,堪为其典范之作。本文拟由是书之总体架构与学理着手,阐明“文章学”并无待当世学者去重新建构,而是早在一千五六百年前业已完成了具有语言批评性质的、体大思深的民族性文学理论体系。

“圣贤书辞,总称文章”(《情采》),可见以“文章学”指称刘彦和的体系是合其本意的。一般认为是书上篇二十五篇为文体论,下篇二十五篇为创作论,却鲜有对其上下篇及各子篇相互关系的论析。值得注意的是后序性质的《序志》对全书架构的提示。

《序志》称上篇为“纲领”,下篇为“毛目”。纲举目张,可知下篇所论创作思维与为文“要术”(文要、文术)一系于上篇所论以《原道》《征圣》《宗经》为渊薮,以《正纬》《辨骚》为正变枢纽的二十二类文体之流变。这与挚虞《文章流别集》及《序》、昭明《文选》之文体分类,表现出一致的时代倾向。由此,一个初步的判断是:此书是一种合文体流别史与文章学原理于一体的大著作,而绝不只是“写作指南”之属。最能说明这一性质的是与《原道》等三篇遥应的《时序》《物色》二篇的性质与位置。所谓“创作论”,其实止于下篇自《神思》至《总术》一十九篇。《时序》领《物色》,紧接其后,是关合下篇创作论与上篇文体流别论的“接榫”。这可由创作论十九篇各自的理论要点及内在联系悟得。

《神思》居下篇之首,为创作总论,不仅揭示了文学创作“神与物游”的思维特征,更重要的是以“神思”——心神之作用为关键,发展了传统文论“言、象、意”关系这一核心命题。所谓“心总要术”,“神居胸臆,而志气统其关键;物沿耳目,而辞令管其枢机”,“意翻空而易奇,言征实而难巧”,说的是心居主位将引发创作冲动的心、物之主客对待,转化为主体内在的志气与辞令的虚实互摄。这一点成为贯穿创作论以下各篇的红线,故是篇总结“驭文之首术,谋篇之大端”谓:在积学、酌理、研阅、驯致基础上,“使玄解之宰,寻声律而定墨;独照之匠,窥意象而运斤”——文学创作的实质就是心体这位大匠,以其玄解、独照的功夫,妙用兼具声象的言辞以呈象达意的“密则无间”之过程。《神思》赞云“神用象通,情变所孕。物以貌求,心以理应。刻镂声律,萌芽比兴。结虑司契,垂帷制胜”,正是对以上理路的概括。

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