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每日电讯:规制网络招聘,关键要改善信息不对称

2017-08-18 09:03:44   中国青年网

天津“李文星事件”后,网络招聘乱象成为热门话题。媒体从不同角度揭批网络招聘乱象,网友也在社交媒体上集体吐槽。不过,这只是舆论场的一种“集合效应”——某一时间段,媒体和公众集中关注某个问题,会让人高估问题的严重性。

事实上,随着互联网迅猛发展,网络招聘已给成千上万的用人单位和求职者带来便利。据统计,全球每天约有2000万条就业信息在网上发布,有3000多万人在网上发出求职简历;当今世界500强企业中,有90%的人才招聘是通过网络实现的。

不过,相较于传统招聘市场,网络招聘平台的虚假信息更多,求职者的权益更容易受损,这是不争的事实。但这并不是网络招聘本身的天然缺陷,而是网络招聘平台没有对招聘公司进行严格审核,从而导致信息不对称,进而导致了市场失灵。

市场失灵决定了政府介入的必要性。政府需要以“管制人角色”承担其“公益人”及“守夜人”的职责,即制定公共政策或以强制力维护公共利益,打击经济领域的违法犯罪行为。例如,天津市就采取了强力打击传销组织等举措。笔者认为,对于网络招聘中存在“招聘欺诈”行为,依法打击是必要的、及时的。但是,从长远来看,规制网络招聘中的“市场败德行为”,需以改善信息不完全为基础,而不是限制网络招聘行业的发展。

网络招聘引发的种种问题,在市场失灵中归属于信息性失灵类型。信息性失灵的具体表现是,在交易的过程中,双方对商品或服务的质量、性能、安全性等信息的了解程度不同,出现了信息不完全或信息不对称现象。虚假高薪招聘、传销招聘等,就是典型的例子。如果一方不能掌握足够的信息,无法监督或识别另一方的行为,后者则可能违背道德和法律规范,在追求自身利益的同时损害前者的利益。

与传统招聘相比,网络招聘是典型的双边市场。双边市场的特征是,参与者需要通过中间平台进行交易,且一方的收益决定另一方参与者数量。双边市场中每一笔交易的达成,都涉及平台企业、买者和卖者三方,而“不见面的交易”,更加剧了信息不完全或信息不对称。这也是网络招聘容易出现诈骗的根本原因所在。

如果一方占有不完全或不对称的信息,市场机制就难以实现有效的资源配置,就会导致市场失灵。对网络招聘这样的双边市场,靠政府管制进行打击只能治标,改善信息不完全或不对称才是治本之策。

规制经济学认为,不完全信息在规制过程中的各个阶段,都扮演着极为重要的角色,对信息性失灵更是至关重要。因此,有关部门在制定网络招聘政策之时,必须以消除招聘企业、平台公司和求职者之间的不完全信息为基础。甚至可以说,干预的效果在很大程度上取决于规制政策究竟是减轻还是加重市场信息的不完全。

有一种观点认为,市场经济应该放松管制,对网络招聘这样的新兴行业不能一味规制,否则会“一管就死”,束缚市场活力,从而降低招聘者和求职者的福利。

事实上,这个观点值得商榷。在市场经济中,对市场行为的规制的确会越来越宽松,例如,对网络招聘行业的准入壁垒、产品价格管理等越来越宽松。不过,对这些市场行为的干预并不必然带来网络招聘质量的提升,也不代表规制的终结,只是说规制的重点转移到了环境保护、公共利益保护以及遏制“不正当的行为”和“欺诈行为”等上来。

完全市场化的网络招聘,同样需要强化规制,这与市场经济精神并不违背。不同的是,对网络招聘的规制不能简单地限制网络平台、招聘公司的纯市场化行为,例如,抬高网络平台公司准入门槛,可能会严重影响社会福利最大化。

规制网络招聘应该以改善信息不完全为基础,所有相关规制政策必须围绕平台公司、招聘者、求职者的信息公开为核心。例如,平台公司必须严格审核招聘公司的资质,为求职者提供警示信息等。

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