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惩治产品质量犯罪立法宜采取双轨制模式
2017-08-13 08:23:33 中国青年网
产品质量犯罪作为一类犯罪,通常是指我国刑法分则第三章破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪第一节规定的生产、销售伪劣商品罪中所涉及的犯罪。随着我国社会转型进程的加快,因产品质量问题引发的产品安全事件时有发生,公众对产品安全的需求日益迫切,越来越多的人呼吁强化用刑法来保障产品安全。在这样的背景下,构建科学完备的惩治产品质量犯罪立法体系显得尤为重要。
严而不厉的惩治产品质量犯罪立法政策:刑法保护的早期化与刑罚的轻缓化相结合
当前,我国惩治产品质量犯罪立法存在“厉而不严”的结构性特征。从总体上看,由于近年来我国重大产品安全事件时有发生,要求严厉打击产品质量犯罪的呼声强烈,这对我国惩治产品质量犯罪的立法政策产生了较大影响。刑法修正案(八)大幅修改了关于产品质量犯罪的相关立法,体现了鲜明的犯罪化和重刑化色彩。如新增的食品监管渎职罪第一档法定刑为5年以下有期徒刑或拘役,而类比其他同类的渎职类犯罪如环境监管失职罪、传染病防治失职罪规定的三年以下有期徒刑或拘役,其法定刑配置明显高出不少,凸显了对食品安全犯罪的打击力度。尽管采取重刑立法政策在现阶段具有一定的合理性,但历史经验已表明,期待仅以严刑峻法达至预防犯罪之效是难以实现的。因此,确保有罪必罚、有害必惩,促进刑事法网的严密,强化刑事司法的执行力才是打击犯罪的有效之策。
从域外国家惩治产品质量犯罪的立法来看,其更加注重刑事法网的严密性,而在刑罚配置上相对轻缓。其法网的严密性突出体现在两个方面:一是对产品质量犯罪的打击覆盖了产品生产、流通的全链条,包括原材料供应、生产、销售、运输、仓储、进出口、缺陷产品的召回等多个环节,立法调控的范围极宽,而我国目前规制的范围只限于生产和销售环节。二是对严重威胁、侵害重大法益的产品质量犯罪通过采取抽象危险犯的立法例实现法益保护的提前化,构建从抽象危险犯到具体危险犯再到实害犯的全方位一体化的刑法保护网。与抽象危险犯立法相对应的,则是起刑点的降低。我国在惩治产品质量犯罪立法上虽然将部分犯罪规定为抽象危险犯,但起刑点过高,跟抽象危险犯的危害性并不相称,也导致对应的具体危险犯、实害犯的法定刑配置水涨船高。同时,还有不少产品质量犯罪有必要增设抽象危险犯。从总体上看,域外国家惩治产品质量犯罪的立法呈现出法网严密、刑罚宽缓的“严而不厉”的特征。从“厉而不严”走向“严而不厉”是我国未来惩治产品质量犯罪立法应当确立的基本立法政策。
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