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题画诗和咏画诗

2017-08-07 04:31:31   中国青年网

顾名思义,题画诗是题于画面之诗,诗情画意,相得益彰,这是狭义的题画诗。但“题”字亦有品评之意,如王维《题友人云母障子》、杜甫《题李尊师松树障子歌》,就是诗人品评屏风画的诗,但并未题于画面。后人在讨论题画诗时,较多使用广义的内涵,将品评画作之诗和题于画面之诗统称为题画诗,其实这是不妥的。确切地说,品评画作之诗应当称为咏画诗,它与题于画面的题画诗有诸多区别,不可不辨。

唐宋时期的李白、杜甫、苏轼、黄庭坚等,写作了大量歌咏绘画的诗作,其中李白8首、杜甫22首、苏轼110首、黄庭坚90多首,尤其是杜甫,目光如炬,笔力如椽,后世推崇备至,如沈德潜说:“(杜甫)题画诗开出异境,后人往往宗之。”(《唐诗别裁集》)王士祯也说:“六朝以来,题画诗绝罕见。盛唐如李白辈,间一为之……杜子美始创为画松、画马、画鹰、画山水诸大篇,搜奇抉奥,笔补造化。子美创始之功伟矣。”(《蚕尾集》)尽管二人都极力称道杜甫对“题画诗”的首创之功,但杜甫等人的诗歌并未真正题于画面,只是咏画诗。现存题画诗真迹最早的大概是宋徽宗赵佶的作品,其《芙蓉锦鸡图》《腊梅山禽图》空白处各题有绝句一首,但这在宋代也是偶一为之罢了。多数的题画诗与题跋一样,只是写在自作画卷的后尾或前面,直接题于画面的并不普遍。

文人画兴盛于元代,文人而兼画家,自画自题,题画诗随之而兴。《吴礼部诗话》说龚开“工诗善画,篆隶亦奇古。每画,题诗于后”。《图绘宝鉴》载王冕“能诗……凡画成,必题诗其上”。胡应麟对此曾总结曰:“宋以前,诗文书画,人各自名,即有兼长,不过一二。胜国则文士鲜不能诗,诗流靡不工书,且时傍及绘事,亦前代所无也。”(《诗薮·外编》)唐宋以来诗画分途的局面,在元代尤其是元末彻底改观。到了明清,题画诗进入繁荣期,几乎是无画不题,数量之多,远超唐宋。

咏画诗一般采取尊题手段,赞美画作,以逼真传神为最高境界。杜甫咏画就常常以画为真,疑画物为真物,又用真物衬托画物,渲染画物的逼真效果。如《奉先刘少府新画山水障歌》“堂上不合生枫树,怪底江山起烟雾”“悄然坐我天姥下,耳边已似闻清猿”,《奉观严郑公厅事岷山沱江画图十韵》“沱水流中座,岷山到此堂”“直讶杉松冷,兼疑菱荇香”数句,《通泉县署屋壁后薛少保画鹤》“苍然犹出尘”“冥冥任所往,脱略谁能驯”数句,皆如此手法,故仇兆鳌评论后者曰:“本咏画鹤,而以真鹤结之……公诗格往往如是。”这种手法为后人继承,如黄庭坚《题宗室大年画二首》其二:“水色烟光上下寒,忘机鸥鸟恣飞还。年来频作江湖梦,对此身疑在故山。”又《题郑防画夹》:“惠崇烟雨归雁,坐我潇湘洞庭。欲唤扁舟归去,故人言是丹青。”也是疑画作真,忘情赞美。而题画诗限于身份,画家不可能自吹自擂。

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