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高教研究如何服务科学决策

2017-08-07 04:31:19   中国青年网

日前,全国高校“双一流”建设进入材料报送阶段,各校的高教所、发展规划部门都在紧锣密鼓的筹备之中。在中国高等教育学会院校研究分会2017年年会上,来自院校研究领域的专家学者就“双一流”建设的大背景下,高等教育研究如何支持决策展开了讨论。

“双一流”与高教大众化呼唤科学决策

北京高校计划建设“高精尖”创新中心19个,上海“高峰高原”学科建设计划打造21个高峰学科,广东省为“高水平大学打造计划”投资150亿元。区域计划出台背后,高教强省竞争日趋激烈。

“2014年985高校校均经费45亿元,其中财政拨款占46%,科研经费27%,资源主体是由国家配置。”中国人民大学教授周光礼表示,“‘双一流’强调国家行为、政府主导将不会改变。但是以绩效为杠杆、引入竞争机制必然会引导各省区市、高校制定独特的发展战略,加强决策的科学性。”

大数据为院校研究提供新维度

怎样区别好课、水课?传统上,学生期末都会填一份课程满意度调查,对课程及授课老师进行评价。但由于个人因素以及选课动机的不同,课程的客观效果很难测量,也无法为教学改进提供方向性建议,大数据方法的引入为评估提供了可能。

针对通识课的教和学,复旦大学高教所进行了大数据分析。该所副研究员陆一举例,由于学习是师生共担的行为,对通选课高能教学指数和学习投入指数两个维度进行了量化分析,前者反映教师教学质量,后者反映学生学习投入。“通过分析,我们发现,学生对教学质量的评价要远高于自己的学习投入,前者平均分在八十左右,而后者只有四五十分。67%的学生临时抱佛脚,15%的学生无论平时还是考前都只花很少时间。教学指数和学习投入指数都很低的,‘水课’就比较多。”

因此,激发学习投入、提高学习的意义感是通识课质量提升的重要因素。“对经典好课如‘《理想国》导读’‘社会科学经典导读’的调查,可以发现,学习投入明显高于平均值。因此,对不同专业背景的学生要有不同的授课方式,让学生理解知识点的意义。”陆一表示。

“哪些是水课,哪些是好课,有哪些不同类型的高能课程。学习分析可以提供自我诊断的支持,也有助于事后改进。”陆一说,“这也是院校研究可以积累数据,持续激励改进的动力。”

学术品质与应用价值须平衡

对于高等教育研究的期望,社会大多寄予对高等教育实践的指导意义和应用价值,但长期以来,高等教育研究与高等教育实践“两张皮”的现象仍引发关注。

美国加州大学校长办公室主任常桐善指出:“院校研究机构是大学管理机构的重要组成部分,其主要职能是为大学决策提供实证性研究依据。”

“内部咨询应学校行政部门需求,看重是否解决实际问题。高教研究则看重方法创新、普遍规律。二者之间的耦合,意味着高校决策者由经验决策走向循证决策、科学决策。”同济大学高教所讲师张端鸿说。

武汉文华学院院长刘献君指出,院校研究要处理好服务领导决策与服务学生成长、机构的行政性与研究的学术性、数据分析与质性研究的关系。“研究范式要由重演绎、综合、普遍、理论转到重归纳、分析、特殊、实践。大数据为院校研究的开展,创造了极为有利的条件。要通过数据去发现问题、分析问题、解决问题,为决策提供支持。”

(本报记者 刘博超)

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