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伽利略比萨斜塔实验真实性存疑:科学故事非事实
2017-08-05 14:34:04 中国经济网
8月5日消息,被誉为人类历史上最重要的十大科学实验之一的“自由落体”实验,在大众认知里普遍与伽利略、比萨斜塔这些关键词捆绑在一起。而在本周日晚即将播出的大型科普节目《加油!向未来》中,科研科普专家曹则贤却提出了让一众网友吃惊的疑问:“比萨斜塔实验真的存在?从科学角度看,真的可以说两个铁球同时着地?”此语一出,现场观众和网友纷纷做吃瓜群众状:“难道我读了个假课本?”
实验道具:铁球和羽毛
《两个铁球同时着地》作为小学课本中经典的一章,记录了伽利略勇敢挑战权威,提出物体降落速度不应该由物体重量决定的故事。这个故事也正是著名的“自由落体定律”的由来。《加油!向未来》本周的实验之一是关于自由落体的科学猜想。借由羽毛和铁球两大重量差距明显的实验道具来进行验证,科研科普专家曹则贤在解释实验结果的同时,却“语出惊人”道破一个一直被大众普遍默认为事实的“科学故事”——比萨斜塔“自由落体实验”。曹则贤提醒,这个著名的实验在科学史上只是一个“传说”故事,而非经过验证的事实。伽利略在比萨斜塔验证两个铁球同时着地的说法,最早出现在他学生维维亚尼(Yiviani)所著《伽利略传》(1654年) 之中,而伽利略自己的著作以及其他学者的研究当中,目前都无相关记载 。
科研科普专家曹则贤
此外,曹则贤还强调:“无论这个实验是否真实存在,都不能得出任何结论”。事实上比萨斜塔高度50多米,假设物体从最高处落下,时长也不过3秒左右。 仅从人类肉眼的观察来看,不足以在这么短的时间内去判断物体同时释放、同时下落的事实。即便在计量工具相当完备的现在,借由精密的钟表、高速摄影等工具和技术去实证检验,也回答不了是否同时落地的问题。因为实证的科学实验永远规避不了误差的存在,因此从严格的科学意义上来说,不存在绝对的同时着地。曹则贤也指出,真正能验证这个过程的实验“只能在脑子里做”,通过假设条件和逻辑推导来完成,“没有独立于理论的实验”。
真空重力场
尽管研究世界规律的方法,在实验物理学家与理论物理学家之间存在争议,但不断探索仍是科学进步发展的需求。如果说理论推导依赖于“脑暴思辨”,那么实证实验的意义就在于发现误差、找到影响因素。即便不能够彻底规避误差,但在不断的实验过程中,找到影响变量及其内在的变化规律仍具有现实的科学意义。这也正是本周日《加油!向未来》为何精心打造一个真空重力场,去验证关于自由落体科学猜想的原因。
撒贝尼兄弟
节目中曹则贤的一番言论,传达的正是“大胆假设,小心求证”的科学精神。科学的进步,也正是源于科学家们的不断突破与验证。网友在“惊奇”之余,也大呼“涨姿势”,直言“科学真容不得半点想当然”。
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