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法国国家公园面面观:山水长存

2017-07-24 14:59:41   中国青年网

严格限定人类活动干扰

法国国家公园大多位于经济较落后的山区,建立国家公园有两个目的:一是保护动植物栖息地和自然景观;二是开发山区旅游资源,促进山区经济发展。国家公园一般划分为3个区域:自然区域、公园游览区及外围地带。自然区域为特别保护区,严禁公众进入。公园游览区及外围地带允许开展野营、狩猎、捕鱼等休闲活动,也可以修建服务设施、商业网点、体育设施及食宿设施等,以吸引和方便游客。但为保护动植物和自然生态,对这类地区的开发活动也进行了一些限制。

与之相对应的,从19世纪末至今,法国各类自然保护区已发展到100多个。这些自然保护区以保护稀有或濒危野生动植物和自然生态系统为主,例如比利牛斯岩羚羊、秃鹫、骨顶鸡等野生动物,高山植物、水生植物、萨王纳植被等各类植物区系,以及一些自然景观和生态系统,如冰湖、沙洲、海洋、湿地、森林、海滨、沼泽、高山等。

与国家公园不同的是,这些自然保护区均不供游人观赏,严防被破坏。自然保护区由所在地区政府部门或从事自然保护的协会负责管理,费用则由国家环境部承担。

不断健全环保法规

法国政府以法律保护自然保护区由来已久。自19世纪开始,法国陆续颁布了《森林法》(1827年)、《山地造林法》(1860年)、《山地恢复和保护法》(1882年)以及《私人造林免税法》(1943年)等与自然保护相关的法律法规。

二战后,法国在1957年7月颁布了《自然保护区法》,1960年颁布第一部有关建立国家自然生态保护区的法规《国家公园法》,首次提出了爱护生态环境、人与自然环境和平相处的发展理念,1976年又颁布了《自然保护法》等。上述各部法律的推出,极大地推动了法国国家公园及自然公园的建设和发展。

2005年2月28日,法国议会通过了一部环境法规的集大成者——《环境宪章》,将环境问题置于国家法律最高等级,成为世界上第一个通过宪法保护公民环境权的国家。该宪章将环境利益上升到国家根本利益的高度,对生态保护和可持续发展做了宪法性解释和说明,明确规定:公民享受健康环境的权利和保护环境的义务神圣不可侵犯。《环境宪章》至此成为法国现行的1958年宪法的一部分,并被赋予了和1789年《人权宣言》及1946年《宪法序言》同等重要的法律地位。

建立适合国情的管理机制

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