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法国国家公园面面观:山水长存
2017-07-24 14:59:41 中国青年网
【记者连线】
法国很早就意识到保护自然及生态系统的重要性。早在路易十四时期的1669年,担任财政大臣和海军国务大臣的让-巴普蒂斯特·柯尔贝尔就在《森林保护条例》中第一次明确了对一片100~200年生的乔木林地进行保护的条款,他也被视为法国自然保护的先驱人物。1853年,法国便设立了第一个风景区,被视为国家公园及自然保护区的雏形。1963年7月,位于阿尔卑斯山地区、隶属萨瓦省的法国第一个国家公园——瓦娜色国家公园正式建立。目前,法国设立了10个国家公园,以及近50个地方级自然公园,旨在保护公园中的植被、动物、景观及文化遗产,同时保证当地自然环境的可持续发展。
图为瓦娜色国家公园的高山湖泊。黄昊摄/光明图片
覆盖丰富多样的生态系统
尽管法国国土面积不大,但国境内却有着形态各异的生态区,加上法国的海外殖民地,法国国家公园保护的生态系统可谓丰富多样。法国本土及海外省的国家公园分别为7个和3个,这10个国家公园几乎囊括了全法境内最具有代表性的多种陆地与海洋生态系统,它们分别是:以克罗斯港国家公园及蔚蓝海岸国家公园为代表的地中海沿岸和岛屿生态区;以瓦娜色国家公园、埃克兰国家公园、梅康图尔国家公园及比利牛斯国家公园为代表的阿尔卑斯、比利牛斯山脉高地生态区;以策文涅斯国家公园为代表的山地生态区;以法属圭亚那亚马孙公园为代表的热带雨林生态区;以留尼旺国家公园、瓜德鲁普国家公园为代表的火山群岛生态区。
其中,最让人印象深刻的,是瓦娜色国家公园及蔚蓝海岸国家公园分别代表的山地生态区和地中海沿岸及岛屿生态区。作为法国第一个国家公园,位于阿尔卑斯山区的瓦娜色国家公园东部紧靠意大利大帕拉迪索国家公园,两个国家公园于1972年7月8日合并。瓦娜色国家公园以羱羊闻名,生活着众多珍稀的哺乳类动物,同时还是重要的植物和鸟类保护区。据统计,目前园区内共有约1900只羱羊、4100只岩羚羊、125种鸟类以及1200种罕见珍稀的野生花种。在公园里,可以看到全法仅在萨瓦和上萨瓦地区才能找到的三趾啄木鸟、国家二级重点保护动物岩雷鸟、野生羚羊、大胡子秃鹫,以及可爱憨厚的野生土拨鼠。
而作为法国最年轻的国家公园,蔚蓝海岸国家公园面积520平方公里,其中85平方公里是陆地,其余是海洋,它包括了在马赛近郊约20公里长的天然岩石峡湾群,以及其间的森林和海洋,是一个完整的生态系统。这里可以看到独特的红褐色石灰石岩壁、小海滩,有些地方只能靠皮划艇才能抵达。为了保护当地的生态系统免遭破坏,政府设立了严格的保护措施,禁止交通工具入内,游客只能徒步在公园内参观,并按规定在公园内进行攀岩、潜水、皮划艇等运动。
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