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传销在中国28年:从日本等地流入 分南派北派手段不断升级

2017-08-07 11:06:39   中国青年网

23岁大学生李文星之死,令“传销”又成网络热词,触痛公众神经。

传销自上世纪八十年代末传入我国以来,以“暴富”为饵,诱使一批又一批人误入歧途。28年来,这种“庞氏骗局”的手段、包装,经历了怎样的演变和升级?

接受澎湃新闻采访的反传销人士指出,无论传统的南派、北派,还是目前依托互联网的传销“资本盘”,传销活动通过“拉人头”形成层级利益链的本质并未改变 ,只是形式上愈加复杂多样。

值得注意的是,近年来,一些面临就业压力的大学生成为传销“生力军”, 引发家长担忧——年轻人该如何提升对传销的免疫力?

经过近二十年的打击,我国传销顽疾依然难以根治。李旭、凌云等知名反传销人士认为,健全整治机制并形成社会合力,是打击传销的当务之急。

2015年12月,李旭在河北廊坊给传销人员上课,进行“反洗脑”。 受访者 供图

从南派、北派到网络传销

对我国而言,传销其实是个舶来品。1989年,传销从日本、台湾流入广东等地。1990年美国雅芳公司将直销模式带入中国。此后,“多层次销售”在我国多地涌现。

美国是传销的发源地。1945年,加利福尼亚州出现一种多层次的营销模式。1960年以后,美国有公司以多层次销售为名非法敛财,被称为“金字塔式销售”。这种模式20世纪70年代传入日本,被称为“老鼠会”,较知名的有熊本市的“天下一家会”,解散之前会员达一百多万人。这种变质的多层次销售模式传入台湾后,曾引发“台家事件”。

传销流入我国后,迅速蔓延开来。广西成为传销重灾区。比如位于广西中部的小城来宾,曾被称为“传销之都”——2001年一个叫“深圳文斌”的传销团伙进入来宾,此后来自四川、山东、河南等地的传销人员不断涌入。2006年后当地加大打击力度,猖獗的传销现象才逐渐得以控制。

中国民间反传销协会2015年曾发布《中国传销分布图》:除上海、青海、新疆、西藏、香港为“微度受灾区”外,我国其他地区都不同程度“受灾”,其中“重灾区”有广西、安徽、河北、湖北、湖南、江苏、四川等13个省(市、区)。

传统的传销有南派、北派之分,均属于异地传销。中国民间反传销协会会长李旭介绍,北派传销发源于东北一带,由“传销教父”杨玉勇传入河北、天津、山东等地,后来逐渐扩散至其他地方;南派传销发源于广西,后来蔓延到云贵川、湖南、湖北、江西、安徽等地。

“有一句稍显夸张的话,叫‘北派打地铺,南派住别墅’。”李旭说,北派传销属于低端传销,打着“直销”、“人际网络”等旗号,上当受骗的以年轻人居多,主要特征是吃大锅饭、睡地铺、集中上课,有的组织出现控制手机、非法拘禁等情况。

南派传销则属于异地传销的升级版,往往打着“连锁销售”、“资本运作”、“民间互助理财”等旗号,以考察项目、包工程、旅游探亲为名把新人骗到外地,然后进行一对一洗脑。参与者大多有独立经济能力,来去自由,吃住条件较好。

李旭介绍,随着南派传销的大举北上,很多城市的传销呈现“南北融合” ,比如合肥、武汉、长沙、成都等地。许多北派组织向南派学习改进,秦皇岛的“中绿”传销就是其中典型。

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