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弗州之乱:美国会再出现一场“内战”么?

2017-08-18 04:06:43   中国青年网

如果说2017年6月共和党党鞭斯卡利斯被枪击还可以被勉强划为党派纷争和个人行为的话,那么8月14日发生在弗吉尼亚州的骚乱则更像一场“内战”:参与人数众多、使用暴力手段并致人死亡、本来复杂的政治分歧被简化和集中为“白人民族主义”和“族群平等主义”对垒的种族矛盾。很大程度上,这是特朗普上台以来,保守主义力量试图扭转奥巴马时期“政治正确”泛滥局面而导致美国国内政治矛盾激化和暴力化的集中表现。

对于白人民族主义者来说,他们本来很多是温和保守主义者,但长期以来“过分优待”少数族裔的平权政策已让他们忍无可忍,越来越觉得没有和平对话的可能。事实上,在过去的几十年间,随着美国人口结构的变化,许多地方出身于少数族裔的精英或者主张政治正确的民主党候选人常常在政治上居于优势。保守主义者逐步转变为白人民族主义者,根源是美国的经济社会政策出了问题。很大程度上,这也是特朗普能够当选的主要原因——“帮助夺回属于我们的国家”。

不过,特朗普上台后,所推行的政策不仅遇到民主党的抵制,也遭到了共和党建制派的抵制,许多政策无法顺利推行。尽管共和党在国会特别选举和地方政坛正在逐步取得优势,但是对于保守主义者来说,华盛顿的政治精英们“依然故我”。不满的情绪并没有得到纾缓,而是在继续积蓄。一些保守主义者转变为白人民族主义者,白人至上主义和新纳粹思想也借机沉渣泛起,甚至还喊出了“血与土”这样的口号。

对于受到特朗普新政影响的族群和利益集团来说,他们同样不满意。而在弗吉尼亚骚乱事件中,这些人试图消除邦联时期雕像、标志的行动,确实是导致矛盾激化的直接原因。对于这些鼓吹平等的群体来说,他们认为诸如罗伯特·李将军这样的塑像,代表了内战时期美国南方的蓄奴制和白人特权,让他们感觉很不舒服——尽管李将军本人一直德高望重、人品和能力受到内战双方的尊重。但拆除塑像一事,毫无疑问严重刺激了白人民族主义者。

特朗普想要化解美国国内政治中长期存在的族裔矛盾并不容易。一方面,这涉及到需要创造让美国中下层白人最终真正就业的岗位;另一方面,也需要对现存的社会福利体制开刀。但是,政府的福利一旦给出,想要收回是非常困难的——这也是为什么废除奥巴马医改法案遇到巨大阻力。从目前来看,特朗普的努力显然都还没有取得大的成功。

特朗普如何处理日益激化的种族矛盾,将会直接影响到美国国内政治的走向。在面临种种掣肘的困难局面下,他有可能铤而走险,“发动群众闹革命”;也有可能适度缓和自己的政策,继续寻求“将美国人民团结起来”。但是,由于多年来美国国内族裔矛盾、阶层矛盾的积累,不管他怎么做,这些选择都将是十分困难的。甚至可以说,不排除再出现一场美国内战的可能。对于一直感觉被压抑的白人群体,和那些一直感觉自己被歧视的少数族群来说,他们是寻求一场最终的对决,还是重新强调所谓的“美国价值”“大熔炉”,仍然不得而知。但作为唯一的超级大国,美国国内政治的变动必将深刻影响到整个世界。事实上,对于欧洲和其他地区来说,类似的矛盾可能更加深重。

(作者系中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院研究员,中国人民大学国际关系学院教授)

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