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美国种族关系面临白人至上主义回潮的新挑战

2017-08-18 08:04:09   中国经济网

美国当地时间8月11日,数千名白人至上主义者齐聚弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔游行示威,抗议该市拆除美国内战时期南方将领罗伯特·李的雕像,表达对白人主体地位逐渐丧失的不满。在这场十余年来白人种族主义者最大规模的集会中,另类右翼游行者与左翼抗议者之间发生了暴力冲突,整个事件共造成近40人死伤。其中白人至上主义者詹姆斯·菲尔茨驾驶汽车高速撞向抗议人群,这一种族主义恐怖行为令举世震惊。另一方面,包括臭名昭著的3K党、光头党在内的多个右翼极端组织联合行动,游行现场的纳粹旗帜与纳粹口号触目惊心,引发人们对新纳粹作为政治力量在美国快速抬头的担忧。

从历史的角度来看,白人至上主义从未在美国消逝。欧洲白人的北美殖民史、美国历史上的黑人奴隶制及长期存在的种族隔离制度等,既维系着白人在美国种族层级结构中的优势地位,也是支撑白人至上主义意识形态的重要历史遗产。作为一种极端的思想潮流和危险的行动纲领,白人至上主义被美国主流社会所警惕和排斥,白人至上主义者在美国人口中的数量微乎其微。但值得注意的是,白人具有某种意义上的优越性、美国是白人盎格鲁—撒克逊新教徒国家等思维却有着广泛的影响力,这为白人至上主义的形成与延续提供了深厚的社会土壤。以近几年为例,白人至上主义色彩的种族仇恨犯罪在美国并不鲜见。2012年8月,白人至上主义分子韦德·迈克尔·佩奇在锡克教寺庙枪杀6人,致伤3人,其杀人动机与新纳粹仇恨组织的宣传煽动有关;2014年4月,73岁的白人至上主义分子弗雷泽·格伦·克洛斯在堪萨斯城犹太人机构附近枪杀3人;2015年6月,21岁的白人至上主义分子戴伦·鲁夫在南卡罗莱纳州查尔斯顿一个非洲裔美国人教堂内枪杀了包括牧师在内的9人。此外,一些黑人民权组织还将美国白人警察不断枪杀非洲裔的行为称为“白人至上恐怖主义”。

从现实的角度来看,白人至上主义的高涨契合当下美国的社会状况。白人至上主义的起起伏伏、时隐时现与白人群体感受到的社会现实紧密关联,人口种族结构的变化、文化宗教上的差异、移民数量的持续增长、社会经济资源的竞争刺激着白人至上主义的回潮。由于人口出生率的种族分化,预计到2050年左右白人将成为美国人口中的少数,这对于试图维持白人主体地位的民众而言有着巨大的心理冲击;随着移民数量的持续增加,美国社会的文化和宗教异质性不断提高,亨廷顿对于维持美国国家特性的忧虑切实反映了部分白人民众的心声;在全球产业转移和科技升级过程中,美国制造业的衰退对普通白人民众的就业和收入造成了较大的影响,利益受损强化了他们对少数种族及外来移民的仇视,催生了种族主义与排外主义情绪。弗吉尼亚白人至上主义游行的组织者将此次活动视作面对全国的宣誓,是一场胜利或一个“转折点”。从美国当前的社会状况来判断,弗吉尼亚州骚乱绝非终点,白人至上主义活动可能进入一个活跃期。

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