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外媒:中国量子研究大跨步 表明西方科学主宰地位丧失

2017-06-20 01:21:31   参考消息

参考消息网6月20日报道 印媒称,量子力学是物理学中的黑魔法。虽然牛顿物理学研究的是物体受力后的行为方式,但量子力学研究的却是人类肉眼看不见的亚原子粒子世界的情况,这个世界中的规则完全违反人们的常识。

《印度教徒报》网站6月19日报道称,像电子和光子这样的量子世界中的居民处于一种僵尸般的“活死人”状态。虽然不能完全理解,但科学家们已经知道如何利用它们为可见世界服务,如可以利用它们为全球即时通信生产集成电路芯片和光纤等。

“墨子号”量子科学实验卫星与阿里量子隐形传态实验平台建立天地链路(2016年12月9日摄,合成照片)。新华社记者金立旺摄

报道称,透明可能是现代社会最了不起的观念,但现在各个国家及企业却比古希腊时代更加注意保密。为了保密,在利用量子力学方面,6月23日世界跨出了一大步。据《科学》周刊上的一篇文章说,中国通过卫星向两个地面站点发射纠缠光子对,在千公里级别的距离实现了量子纠缠。这一技术是未来绝对安全的量子通信技术的基础技术。这大幅超过了目前的已有技术,并能确保任何未经授权的破译尝试都会被立即发现。

报道称,量子力学的基本原则之一,海森堡不确定性原理认为,任何物体都不可能被完全了解。也就是说,增加动量的测量精确性,势必降低位置的测量精确性。长期来看,这被认为是自然界为阻止人类完全理解物理体系而设置的障碍,但在过去几十年中,量子密码领域一直围绕着利用量子力学原理来设计“密钥”这一方向发展。

报道称,不论被分开多久,相距多远,一对相互耦合的光子会相互“感应”量子特性。这种情况可以在实验室获得,被称为“纠缠态”光子。现代电子保密系统的原理是双方将需要传输的信息加密,并相互发送“密钥”(一串数字),用于解密信息。这样做的问题是,第三方可以截获这些密钥。一种“不可破解”的体系是,如果有闯入者试图破解信息,双方都能及时发现。

报道称,可以加入量子世界的纠缠态光子。它们就像一把锯子的两头相互关联,一头抬起,另一头就会下降。利用这种光子来设计密钥,则意味着这些光子状态的任何变化都表明有人在试图控制它们。

报道称,虽然从上个世纪八十年代以来,人们就已经很好地理解了这一原理,但在大气层中传输纠缠态光子一直非常困难,因为它们十分脆弱,很容易与空气中的其他粒子发生接触而解体。直到上个星期,世界上的传输最高纪录一直只有几百公里。

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