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玉米基因组更详细图谱出炉 研究预示其适应能力强

2017-06-14 09:50:13   

科技日报华盛顿6月12日电 (记者刘海英)美国研究人员12日在《自然》杂志网络版上发表论文称,他们利用新一代测序技术对玉米自交系B73进行测序,得到了新的、更详细的基因组图谱。研究显示,玉米具有良好的表型可塑性,不同品系玉米的基因组差异明显。这意味着在全球气候环境变化不断加剧的情况下,玉米仍有巨大的发展空间。

玉米是生物学研究中的重要模式植物。2009年,美国冷泉港实验室研究人员和爱荷华州立大学等机构研究人员合作,完成了对玉米自交系B73的基因组序列的测定,轰动一时。但当时使用的测序技术并不完备,无法解决玉米基因组中大量的重复序列,错过了基因间的大量区域,也无法准确捕捉到诸多细节。

此次,冷泉港实验室研究人员和加州门洛帕克太平洋生物科学公司等机构合作,使用单分子实时测序和高分辨率光学制图技术,通过解读长测序,构建了新的、更详细的B73基因组图谱。新技术让研究人员能对玉米基因间区域进行详细的观察,从而了解这些基因是如何受调控的。而新的基因组图谱也显示出前所未有的细节,让研究人员对玉米基因表达的变异性有了更深刻的认识。

通过比较新的B73系基因组图谱与在不同气侯条件下生长的W22系和Ki11系基因组图谱,研究人员发现,后两个品系的基因组与B73的基因组差异巨大,平均只有35%的部分匹配一致。这种差异不仅表现在基因序列变化方面,还表现在基因表达的时间、位点以及表达水平方面。这表明,玉米基因组具有良好的表型可塑性,也意味着其环境适应能力极强。

研究人员指出,卓越的表型可塑性意味着玉米可以使用更多的组合来适应环境变化,这是育种者的福音。在全球人口不断增加、气候变化问题不断加剧的背景下,玉米作为主要粮食作物,仍有巨大的潜力可挖。

总编辑圈点

玉米当初被印第安人驯化之前,是一种穗子只有指头粗细,与后来完全两样的小草;谁能想到它丑小鸭变天鹅,成了全球产量第一大作物。它本来生活在炎热地区,可现在经过培育,别的粮食作物无法结穗的寒带,早熟玉米也能生长。如此惊人的适应性,随着基因研究终于得到了初步解释。将来,变异的玉米说不定能随我们前往外星球呢。

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