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美国“301调查”干了啥
“301条款”要求美国总统对外国“实施不公正、不合理的关税或其他进口限制,执行不公正、不合理、歧视性的规定、政策或做法,加重美国商业负担或限制美国商业”的行为采取“所有适当并且可行的行动”,消除这些对美国经济贸易不利的因素,以实现美国的利益。后来“301条款”几经修改,其具体应用进一步细化,产生了“超级301条款”和“特殊301条款”。
据彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员查德·鲍恩的研究,从1974年至今,美国政府已经进行了122次“301调查”。例如,1975年,美国鸡蛋生产商要求政府调查他们在加拿大市场的份额。1976年,佛罗里达州柑橘委员会指控欧洲关税歧视美国橙汁。1979年,美国雪茄协会要求政府对其在日本的销售情况进行调查。
上世纪八九十年代,美国曾频繁对包括中国在内的多个贸易伙伴发起“301调查”,其中美国多次动用“301调查”打击日本经济。据统计,从1976年至1989年,美国对日本钢铁、电信、木材、医药、半导体等制造业发起了14起“301调查”。其中,1989年,美国首次启动“超级301条款”。美国贸易代表办公室认为日本在计算机、卫星、林产品方面封闭市场,与日本展开18个月的外交协商,最终迫使日本开放相应的国内市场。1994年,美国再次启动“超级301条款”,对日本产品进入美国征收惩罚性关税,贸易制裁措施至1997年才结束。
2004年,美国劳联—产联曾提起针对中国劳工权利和劳工标准的“301调查”申请,但最终被美国政府否决;2010年10月,美国贸易代表办公室宣布,应美国钢铁工人联合会申请,启动对华清洁能源有关政策和措施的“301调查”。
责任编辑:任冲 CN062、孙启浩 CN037
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