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中国将更努力推动“一带一路”应对美“301调查”

2017-08-23 01:09:56   参考消息

美贸易专家担忧对华发起“301调查”代价巨大

美国贸易代表莱特希泽8月18日宣布,正式对中国发起“301调查”。所谓的“301调查”源自美国《1974年贸易法》第301条。该条款授权美国贸易代表可对他国的“不合理或不公正贸易做法”发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁,包括撤销贸易优惠、征收报复性关税等。发起“301调查”是一种贸易救济的手段,也是一项单边贸易报复措施。美国对华采取单边主义色彩极强的贸易调查,引发各界对中美经贸关系的担忧。

美国贸易代表办公室18日发表声明说,将调查中国政府在技术转让、知识产权、创新等领域的实践、政策和做法是否不合理或具歧视性,以及是否对美国商业造成负担或限制。

对此,前白宫贸易顾问、彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员查德·鲍恩认为,美国政府使用一项过时、单边的美国贸易法条款对华启动“301调查”,其代价是巨大的,只会让美中贸易情况更加糟糕。外界对于特朗普上任以来采取一系列措施破坏以规则为基础的贸易承诺和几十年来建立国际合作的努力早有微词,而启动“301调查”则提供了更多“燃料”。在鲍恩看来,政府在“301调查”中充当了多重角色:充当警察,确定外国政府的罪行;充当检察官,提出法律论据;充当陪审团,裁决证据;充当法官,判处外国对美国进行报复性处罚。“这是存在严重问题的。”他说,如果美国政府想要合法解决对华贸易的不满,应促成与中国达成一项新的、可执行的长期贸易协议。

彼得森国际经济研究所另一位高级研究员卡洛琳·弗洛伊德也认为,对华启动“301调查”不会带来任何积极的结果,一旦引发贸易报复措施,美国企业利益也将受损。

国际金融协会日前发布的一份报告警告说,考虑到中国在当前的全球供应链中所扮演的角色,如果美国和中国之间发生贸易战,不仅会损害中国企业利益,而且会损害上游供应商和下游分销商,如美国零售商的利益。

不久前,国际货币基金组织(IMF)发布了《2017外部风险报告》,分析了全球29个主要经济体的外部失衡情况,指出美国的经常项目账户逆差日益明显,这可能导致贸易保护主义升温。IMF研究部主任路易斯·库柏杜在接受本报记者采访时表示,应该不惜一切代价来避免贸易保护主义,目前美国政府的贸易政策及采取的行动“不太可能有效地解决外部失衡,它们对其国内增长和全球经济增长极其有害”。

美国前贸易代表迈克尔·弗罗曼警告,美国历届政府都要求其他国家遵守全球贸易规则,如果美国政府绕过世界贸易组织而采取“老掉牙”的单边制裁措施,那么其他国家也可以对美国进行报复,甚至效仿美国采取单边措施。

事实上,自1994年世贸组织的前身关贸总协定争端解决机制建立以来,全球贸易规则就对“301调查”存在一定程度的限制,使美国不敢随意发起这种单方贸易报复条款。虽然美国法律不要求政府接受世贸组织的授权来采取强制措施,但根据世贸组织规则,如果没有该组织批准,对另一个成员采取行动是违反规则的。弗罗曼就此指出,关键的问题在于调查结束之后的行动,如果美国单方面出台制裁措施,将有违世贸组织规定。

美国国家公共电台在一篇题为《特朗普用43岁的“美国优先”贸易法律向中国施压》的报道中,援引美国前贸易代表副助理马特·高德的观点,认为美国在没有获得世贸组织授权下就开展“301调查”,将导致美国政府与其在国际法方面的义务发生冲突。

(本报华盛顿8月19日电)


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