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特朗普发起对华贸易调查 中方回应:将考虑反制措施
2017-08-16 11:06:00 参考消息网
美国一官员11日发言称:“如果美国人继续坐视自己最好的技术和知识产权在国外被窃取或强制转让,美国将很难保持优势地位,继续作为全球最具创新的经济体之一。”然而目前众多迹象表明保护知识产权可能只是美国此次进行贸易调查冠冕堂皇的说法。
2.扭转贸易逆差?
特朗普执政以来,反复强调中美之间贸易逆差。就在上周四,特朗普接受记者采访时再次强调每年在同中国的贸易中“丧失了数十亿美元”。据美国统计局数据,2016年美国对中国的商品贸易逆差为3470亿美元(约合2.36万亿元人民币),占其整体逆差的47%。如此大的贸易逆差在特朗普看来显然难以忍受,这与其在竞选时就提出的贸易保护纲领背道而驰。而再联系特朗普上任之后所实行的种种贸易保护政策,此次对中国的贸易调查更像是借知识产权保护之名,行贸易保护之实,以重振美国经济。
3.可能对中国国际贸易冲击不大
美国布鲁金斯学会研究员哈斯和杜大伟的报告指出,中国对美出口仅占中国GDP的不到5%,虽然美国市场对中国出口商而言仍然很重要,但伴随着中国经济增长模式从出口和投资转向更加依赖服务和消费,美国市场对中国经济增长的相对重要性将继续缩小。因此即便美国贸易制裁措施实施,对中国造成的冲击也不会太大。
贸易调查根据的“301条款”究竟是什么?
不论从历史还是“301条款”的具体规定来看,它都更像是一款美国为自己和竞争对手量身定做的贸易“法外神器”。最早的301条款版本来自于《1974年贸易改革法》的第301节,其核心内容即为当美国认定自己的贸易权利遭到外国“侵犯”时,美国可以立即采取行动消除这些“侵犯”。而“301条款”的第二个版本“特别301条款”则主要针对知识产权保护进行了规定,并赋予美国贸易代表绝对权力,当其认定某国的的贸易做法对美国知识产权不利,此时美国有权单方面采取贸易制裁措施,如征收高额关税和限制进口等。第三个版本即“超级301条款”,将贸易报复权由总统转移到贸易代表办公室,使贸易的谈判者和贸易的执法者合二为一,赋予贸易代表办公室更多的谈判筹码以减少政府对贸易代表办公室采取报复措施的干扰。
美国贸易代表罗伯特·莱特希泽
总之,在“301条款”规定下,总统或贸易代表都有“自由裁量权”。美国在启动301条款时,不需要任何证据和第三方,只要是美国“确信”、“认定”、“确定”了的,就可以发起“贸易制裁”。
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