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特朗普在打什么算盘?

2017-08-16 04:45:51   中国青年网

白宫正在进行70年来最大装修,美国总统特朗普有了17天“不停工”假期。

当地时间14日,原本在新泽西州一家高尔夫俱乐部休假的特朗普,却提前回到白宫,签署了一份让全世界震惊的行政备忘录——授权美国贸易代表审查所谓的“中国贸易行为”,包括中国在技术转让等知识产权领域的做法。

特朗普签署这样一份行政备忘录,究竟在打什么算盘?

特朗普当天在白宫签署行政备忘录前称,为确保“公平和对等的贸易规则”,授权美国贸易代表莱特希泽动用所有可用的政策选项。

此前,有分析人士称,莱特希泽可能将按照美国《1974年贸易法》第301条,对中国发起“301调查”。这一在1995年世贸组织成立后美国很少使用的法律工具授权美国总统可对贸易伙伴采取单边制裁措施。

不过,当天这份行政备忘录并不意味着美国将立刻启动相关具体调查,也不意味着一定会出台针对中国的制裁措施。美国高级官员12日曾表示,美方如决定发起“301调查”,将首先与中方进行磋商,相关磋商预计将持续一年或一年半时间。

关注1

什么是“301调查”?

美国单边主义的霸权武器

所谓的“301调查”源自美国《1974年贸易法》第301条。该条款授权美国贸易代表可对他国的“不合理或不公正贸易做法”发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁,包括撤销贸易优惠、征收报复性关税等。

诞生于上世纪冷战时期的“301调查”在上世纪80年代的美日贸易纠纷中被多次使用,并曾引发国际社会强烈不满,因为这一调查具有极强的单边主义色彩。

美国彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员查德·鲍恩形容说,在这一调查中,美国政府既是警察(判断外国政府是否有错)、又是检察官(提起诉讼)、又是陪审团(甄别证据)、又是法官(决定是否采取报复性措施)。

极具霸权意味的“301调查”,对中国来说并不新鲜。

上世纪八九十年代,美国曾频繁对华发起“301调查”。但1995年世贸组织成立后,美国政府开始很少使用这一调查工具,而更倾向于跳过“301调查”程序、直接在世贸组织向其他国家提出贸易诉讼。

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