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最高法副院长谈于欢案:如何适用正当防卫制度

2017-06-26 08:28:48   最高人民法院官网

然而,从此后若干年的司法实践来看,对于正当防卫制度的适用仍趋保守,不敢或者不善于适用正当防卫制度,将本属于正当防卫的行为认定为防卫过当,甚至认定为普通的故意伤害、故意杀人的现象,仍然客观存在。有学者批评道,刑法第二十条关于正当防卫制度的规定、特别是第三款关于无过当防卫的规定,一定程度上处于“休眠”状态,成为“僵尸”条文,未能发挥其应有的作用。这种批评意见不无根据和道理,值得我们认真反思。产生上述状况的成因十分复杂,既与理念的认识偏差有关,与立法的过于抽象有关,也与司法环境不够理想有关。在我看来,其中有两点值得特别关注。一是刑法规定本身较为原则,司法适用标准不够统一。根据刑法规定,通常认为,成立一般正当防卫,应当同时符合起因条件、时间条件、主观条件、对象条件、限度条件等五个条件。以上五个条件中,每一个条件之下又涉及诸多具体问题。例如,起因条件所涉及的“不法侵害”的性质和范围如何具体把握;时间条件所涉及的不法侵害“正在进行”如何具体认定;限度条件所涉及的没有“明显超过必要限度”如何具体判断,等等。对这些法律适用上的具体问题,刑法条文未作明确规定,理论上众说纷纭争论不休,实践中认识和把握也不完全一致,如果联系到具体个案,更是常常出现绝然相反的观点和重大分歧。顺带提及的是,这种情况并非我国独有,其他国家在具体适用正当防卫制度时也会引发重大争议。例如,1992年发生在美国的日本十六岁留学生服部刚丈误闯民宅被枪杀案就是例证,该案被认定为正当防卫,但在日本却引发了轩然大波,甚至差点酿成日美两国的外交风波。二是具体案件裁判面临较大压力,案外因素往往考量过多。正当防卫涉及的重大案件,不法侵害人有的受到重大伤害,有的死亡。“死者为大”“死了人就占理”,这是客观存在的社会现象。不管死伤者的行为本身是否正当,其家属、亲属往往以此为由向司法机关施加压力,有的甚至形成集体闹访,危及社会稳定。当刑事案件的定性需要在正当防卫、防卫过当、故意伤害甚至故意杀人之间做出选择的时候,严格依照法律认定为正当防卫,并非易事,可能出现的结果是“只要打死人就是故意杀人”“只要致人重伤就是故意伤害”。这就使得原本在法理上并不复杂的案件,由于顾及方方面面的案外因素,难以严格依法下判,甚至将本属正当防卫的案件认定为防卫过当,对本应认定为无过当防卫宣告无罪的案件作出有罪判决。令人欣慰的是,日前山东高院关于于欢故意伤害案的二审判决,很好地坚持了法律平等和司法中立原则,充分兼顾了对被害人和被告人合法权益的保护,为审判机关依法正确适用正当防卫制度树立了新的标杆和典范。

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