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(5)民主发展,循序渐进。近四任行政长官(1997-2017年)的选举,从一个经400人组成的选举委员会选出,改为由800人组成乃至1200人组成的选举委员会选出。六届立法会的直选议席,从1/3增加至1/2。自2012年起,从有些选民只有投一票权而有些有投两票权,改为每名选民都有投两票权,在普选上达至平等。可见按照基本法45条和68条及循序渐进的原则,选举不断增加民主成分。很遗憾的是,受到反对派捆缚式的阻挠,2015年的政改没有成功,否则特区已达到行政长官由普选产生的目的。这二十年里,市民对民主制度有充分探索的机会,为日后政制发展累积了不少的经验。
(6)对外事务,发展良好。回归以后,香港按照基本法第150条作为中国代表团成员身份参加以国家为单位的国际活动,和以“中国香港”名义参加以地区为单位的国际活动;大约200项公约及协议回归后继续在香港实施,并新增了100项左右。119个国家和半官方机构在香港设有领馆或办事处。150个国家给予香港护照持有人免签证或落地签证待遇;香港还承办了世界贸易组织第六次部长级会议和2008年奥运会马术比赛等国际活动。这些对外交往,让香港有更好的条件,参与国家“一带一路”和“粤港澳大湾区的发展计划”的发展机遇。
因此,二十年来,基本法在香港的实践,落实了“一国两制”的构想,打稳了中央和香港的关系,明确了特区的法律地位,符合保持香港繁荣稳定的目的。然而,和任何新事物一样,在实践的过程,必然遇到各种的挑战,加以时势不断的变化,避免不了争议和矛盾。例如,全球都面对贫富悬殊、收入分配不均、住屋置业困难的问题、全球经济一体化带来的竞争、本土主义的倡议等,造成社会分化,转而对政府不满。在殖民管治时期,市民对国家观念薄弱,回归后未充分接受国民身份的转变和对国家民族的认同。政党政治未成熟,对行政主导未能足够支撑;对基本法条文和意义认识未够深入,除熟识的原有的种种制度外,对宪制上的新规定,例如中央和特区的关系、中央对香港事务的权责、香港的法律地位、基本法的解释权等等的抗拒,每每由此引起争议,甚至以“占中”、“占旺”等违法手段表达不满。这些问题,特区政府都一一沉着应付,以确保“一国两制”的实践,不动摇、不走样、不变形,不忘初衷。
香港基本法委员会成立以来,按照香港基本法的规定,应全国人大常委会的要求,认真履行香港基本法第18条、第158条规定的香港基本法委员会的职责,3次就增加香港基本法附件三所列全国性法律、5次就解释香港基本法有关条款,共召开8次全体会议,依法向全国人大常委会提出有关报告。5次释法分别涉及居港权、政制发展、行政长官剩余任期、国家豁免原则适用、法定公职人员任职及宣誓等问题。此外,香港基本法委员会还召开36次内部会议,每次换任前都要对五年的工作进行全面的总结,向全国人大常委会作出书面报告,换任后要讨论和完善委员会的议事规则,就今后工作做出规划。在每届任期内,委员会都密切关注基本法在实施中遇到的新情况新问题,就落实基本法涉及的重大问题进行研究讨论,根据基本法的立法原意,深入分析其中的法律问题。内地委员和香港委员依据共同讨论形成的共识,以某些方式在有关方面讨论相关问题时发表法律意见和看法,起到了准确理解和正确宣传基本法有关规定的作用。多年来,香港基本法委员会成员积极参加社会各方面举办的基本法论坛、研讨会和学术研究活动,积极宣传和普及基本法。
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