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陈华:“网络记者”身份的理论辨析

2016-11-04 15:56:49   

就记者的提问:将来商业网站是否可以申领记者证?如果可以,怎样进行管理。国信办发言人回应:目前来看,商业网站不具有新闻信息采编权,暂时不考虑在商业网站核发新闻记者证。我们正着手建立网络新闻信息从业人员职业资格准入制度,通过该制度,来规范和管理网站(包括商业网站)采编人员,以保证正确的舆论导向。[5]历时16年,新闻网站的身份问题解决了,而商业网站则还在“暂不考虑”中,其实,早在2009年,就网络媒体工作人员是否有权申领到记者证问题时,新闻出版总署报刊司副司长朱伟峰就曾表示,“如果是商业网站,因为他没有新闻采访资质,所以目前不受理这方面的申领新闻记者证工作。朱伟峰说,商业网站没有新闻资质,全国上万家商业网站,没办法。下一步的政策怎么制定,还有待下一步新的政策出台以后。”[6]

“商业网站”并非一个法律用语,其初始的指代,应该就是对市场机制组建的互联网公司,一个不争的事实是,正是商业网站用市场的力量把“新闻”这个长期处于计划经济模式下,由国有新闻单位生产、经营的垄断产业,推入了商场。“做新闻”成为了商业公司的一种商业模式。从1994年开始的互联网中国之旅,已经让公众在对新闻单位、新闻机构、新闻网站这样的曾经有着明确内涵和外延的词汇,不大敏感了。如果去问一个普通网民,新浪、搜狐、网易这样的门户网站,是新闻网站吗?答案可能会“是”,难道他们不是吗?

他们真的不是,他们依然只是“商业网站”。对照《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》第五条的界定,互联网新闻信息服务单位共分为三类:一、新闻单位设立的登载超出本单位已刊登播发的新闻信息、提供时政类电子公告服务、向公众发送时政类通讯信息的互联网新闻信息服务单位;二、非新闻单位设立的转载新闻信息、提供时政类电子公告服务、向公众发送时政类通讯信息的互联网新闻信息服务单位;三、新闻单位设立的登载本单位已刊登播发的新闻信息的互联网新闻信息服务单位。这三类互联网新闻信息服务单位中,第一和第三类均为新闻单位,区别只在于登载的内容是否超出了本单位已经刊登播发的新闻信息;第二类则不同,强调了“非”新闻单位,更强调了“转载”新闻信息而不是“登载”。从单位属性而言,互联网新闻信息服务单位实则只有两类,即新闻单位和非新闻单位,也可以称为新闻网站和商业网站。

1997年前后,主要商业网站开始大举进入新闻领域,直到2000年12月27日,新浪成为《互联网从事登载新闻业务管理规定》颁行后,首批获得资质的商业网站,同天获得资质的,还有搜狐。致此,商业网站做新闻这件事情,才算有了合法的说法。王志东回忆,“直到《条例》出台,网站做新闻才有了一个明确的说法。领许可证的时候,北京市新闻办的一位局长一定要我亲自过去跟他谈,当时讲得语重心长,这可是中国共产党执政50多年来,第一次把舆论权交给一个民营组织,你要珍惜”[7](P147)。时任国务院新闻办副主任杨正泉回忆,“《暂行规定》一出台得到了国内各类网站和网民的广泛支持,反应是理性、客观、积极的。业内人士拥护、支持,中央和各地新闻网站受到了保护;新浪、搜狐等非新闻商业网站的负责人表示,他们过去一直希望运营合法化规范化,现在明确了放心了。”[2](P327)2005年,《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》第八条对非新闻网站申请互联网新闻新服务资质的人员情况作出了要求,“设立本规定第五条第一款第(二)项规定的互联网新闻信息服务单位,除应当具备本规定第七条第一款第(一)项、第(三)项规定条件外,还应当有10名以上专职新闻编辑人员;其中,在新闻单位从事新闻工作3年以上的新闻编辑人员不少于5名。”至于这些新闻编辑人员从何而来,或通过何种正规渠道产生,则始终没有明确的说法。在具体的实践中,这些填报入表格的新闻编辑经常是拿着“前”新闻单位的记者证,但这些证,应该是在他们离开新闻单位后就收回的。

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