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北大学者发现最强超新星爆发 光度比太阳强5700亿倍

2016-01-15 08:42:51   财新网

在与同事讨论后,东苏勃突然意识到ASASSN-15lh可能属于极亮型超新星。根据他的推测,若ASASSN-15lh距离我们38亿光年远,那么它最突出的谱线特征与2010年发现的一颗极亮超新星的光谱极为匹配。

如果这个推断是正确的,就应该可以在特定波长上看到超新星光线穿过宿主星系中气体产生的吸收谱线。而预期中的特征吸收谱线波长较短,需要利用覆盖足够蓝端光谱的仪器才能观测到。

接下来的几天,东苏勃和同事们联系到了三架可拍摄蓝端光谱的望远镜,可惜数次观测都由于天气原因和仪器故障功亏一篑。十天之后,2015年7月1日北京时间凌晨2点,10米口径的“南非巨型望远镜”(SALT)成功拍摄到了所需光谱,东苏勃的推断得到证实。

“当看到南非望远镜拍摄的光谱,并意识到我们发现了史上最强的超新星爆发,我兴奋得彻夜难眠。”他说。

后续的观测进一步印证了ASASSN-15lh的特性与以往发现的所谓的贫氢极亮型超新星(也称“I型极亮超新星”)有诸多关键的共同之处。这些剧烈的爆发产生的抛射物中探测不到宇宙中最为丰富的氢元素的迹象。

这颗异常明亮的超新星不仅刷新了观测记录,也带来许多谜团。ASASSN-15lh的许多独特之处尚待研究。除了爆发强度异常之高,ASASSN-15lh的温度也远高于其它I型极亮超新星。另外,以往发现的I型极亮超新星多在黯淡的矮星系中,但ASASSN-15lh的宿主星系比银河系还要亮数倍。东苏勃认为,随着超新星逐渐变暗,后续观测将可以更好的研究宿主星系,这对理解贫氢极亮型超新星的爆发环境有重要意义.

“哈勃望远镜将在今年2月份观测ASASSN-15lh。我们将利用哈勃无与伦比的分辨率精确定出该超新星在星系中的位置,可为研究其爆发的环境和机制提供重要线索。”东苏勃告诉财新记者。

解释极亮超新星能源机制最为流行的理论之一是磁中子星模型。在这个模型中,恒星爆发后会在中心遗留一颗有着极强磁场并飞速自转的中子星,这颗磁中子星的剧烈磁化星风可将爆炸抛射物加热到高温从而产生辐射。

然而,自发现后的仅四个月时间里,ASASSN-15lh辐射的总能量相当于太阳以现在的强度照耀900亿年;如此之高的能量刚好超过了磁中子星理论模型所允许的上限。另一种可能解释是,ASASSN-15lh的辐射是由极高质量恒星爆发产生的数十倍太阳质量的放射性元素衰变导致的。

34岁的东苏勃于2009取得美国俄亥俄州立大学天文学博士,2014年入选中组部“千人计划(青年项目)”。他在2014年底正式加入ASAS-SN项目。ASAS-SN是一个由美国俄亥俄州立大学牵头的国际合作项目。

这个项目于2014年5月开始对整个夜空进行频繁搜索,旨在搜寻突然变亮的、主要包括超新星的“暂现天体”。现在ASAS-SN在夏威夷和智利各有一个台址。2015年,世界上明亮超新星60%都是ASAS-SN首先发现的。

俄亥俄州立大学教授、项目的首席科学家之一克里斯托弗斯坦尼克教授说:“ASAS-SN是历史上首个持续不断地监测整个天空从而搜寻光学暂现天体的项目。科学上,每打开一扇新的观测宇宙的窗口,就会有激动人心的新奇发现。而做出新发现的机遇总是留给有准备的人。”

东苏勃告诉财新记者,他希望能近期筹集到资助,在中国也建立一个ASAS-SN节点,最终实现一个全球网络,能够每天对整个天空扫描一遍。

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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