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原标题:俄学者追忆苏联解体:那影响是创伤式的
[环球时报记者吴焰张晓东林雪丹曲颂]编者按:1991年12月25日19时40分,俄罗斯学者德米特里·叶弗列缅科在他的日记中精准地记录下这一时间点:苏联国旗从克里姆林宫旗杆上降下,苏联正式解体,“国旗降落昭示一个伟大时代的结束”。对于无数俄罗斯人来说,这场被普京称为“20世纪人类历史上最大的地缘政治灾难”,至今仍是横亘在他们心中的一道伤疤。俄罗斯调查机构列瓦达中心日前公布的民调显示,51%的俄罗斯人认为苏联解体本可以避免,56%的受访者对苏联不复存在感到惋惜。进入12月,回顾和反思苏联解体的内容在俄罗斯媒体上多了起来。25年后,俄罗斯人对这一历史事件有着怎样的感受与思考?《环球时报》记者近日与多位俄罗斯知识分子进行了交流。
1。“出差回来,已成了另一个国家”
叶弗列缅科
回想起25年前的情形,俄罗斯科学院社会学科技信息研究所副所长德米特里·叶弗列缅科清晰地记得他那时“不可思议”的感受。他当时正在国外出差,12月9日回到莫斯科,而在这前一天,也就是12月8日,俄罗斯、乌克兰与白俄罗斯3个加盟共和国的领导人在别洛韦日森林的会面中已经决定了苏联的命运,“离开时是一个国家,返回时已成另一个国家”。“震撼与恐慌”,叶弗列缅科用这样的字眼来描述彼时心情。
感到不可思议的不止叶弗列缅科一人。莫斯科大学社会学系副主任叶甫根尼·格拉奇科夫清楚地记得,1991年8月19日,他开车去莫斯科大学时看到马路上有坦克,他还朝坦克挥了挥手。“当时包括我在内的所有人都没有意识到发生了政变。”在他的记忆里,那一天的莫斯科,太阳高照,寂静而炎热。
“它发生得几乎完全不为我们觉察”,俄罗斯科学院世界诗歌语言研究中心主任纳塔丽娅·阿扎洛娃这样概括了她的感受。在她看来,“这正是苏联解体的主要问题”。
的确,这谜一般的“不被觉察”,是俄罗斯社会各界,尤其是学界二十多年来希望解开的问题,也是东西方政界和学界一直热议不衰的话题。苏联共产党连续执政了74年,面对亡党亡国危机之时,为什么2.5亿苏联人能平静接受?为什么近2000万苏共党员没有挺身而出,“竟无一人是男儿?”在过去二十多年里,这一事件催生了无数著作研究。
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