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养老金个人账户空账超3.5万亿 每年增加数千万

2016-01-07 06:30:23    第一财经日报

中国社科院世界社保研究所所长郑秉文曾表示,连年上调养老金,模糊了个人账户的边界,个人账户多缴多得的精算功能降到了历史最低点,“账户养老金”的权重相对于“基础养老金”(即统筹基金形成的养老金)也降到了最低点。

“只有到退潮时,才知道谁在裸泳”这句话同样适用在这些年养老保险基金的运行上。过去十多年财政收入好时所采取的行政化上涨养老金的办法在如今经济新常态下已经行不通了。一些地区养老保险收支压力巨大。

基本养老保险制度根本性的改革已经迫在眉睫。去年12月,我国人社部社会保险研究所所长金维刚在清华的一个论坛上表示,养老保险基金虽然总量上收大于支,但局部地区当期仍然存在收不抵支的问题。目前主要是动用历年累积结余和财政补助来确保发放。

“做空”“做实”双双不通

对于“空账”所引发的风险,财政部门非常警惕。但现实情况是,空账的规模或许并没有得到有效的控制。

事实上,从2001年开始的做实个人账户试点早就难以为继了。2001年中央决定由辽宁省实施个人账户试点,2008年尽管已经扩大到了13个省份,但此后再也没有省份愿意加入。

专家们认为,试点进行不下去的原因,一方面是地方政府积极性不高,由于转型成本的解决没有法制化、力度有限,中央财政仅对少数几个省进行数量有限的配比补贴,东部发达地区的试点省份完全由地方财政解决。

另一方面,各级政府都意识到将财政资金存在个人账户,将变成永远都不可能收回的“沉没成本”。扩大补贴规模等于将更多的财政资金置于贬值风险之中。

辽宁省是中国最早进行做实个人账户试点的省份,它从2001年开始做实,但是到2010年,中央财政对辽宁做实试点的补贴处于暂时中止状态,并特批辽宁省向已经做实的个人账户基金借支发放养老金,到2014年借款额达到了700多亿。

辽宁省停止“做实”成为个人账户做实试点过程的一次重要事件。虽然从目前来看,大部分参与做实试点的地区仍然在继续推进做实个人账户试点工作,全国做实的累计结余为5001亿元,2014年也达到20%以上的增长率,然而,“做实”已经不是主流。

于是,“做空”的观点开始盛行。简而言之,“做空”就是以后个人账户中没有真实资金,而是对个人缴费进行记账,把缴费和收益都计入账户,作为未来发放的依据。

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