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养老金个人账户空账超3.5万亿 每年增加数千万

2016-01-07 06:30:23    第一财经日报

“空账”是怎么形成的?

这或许和现行制度有关。中国养老保险社会统筹和个人账户相结合的结构,本质上是创建了一个前所未有的混合型部分积累制,也就是“现收现付制加个人积累制”的模式,其初衷是将社会统筹和个人账户的优势发挥出来,目的是实现预期稳定和多缴多得。

在制度的实际执行中,由于没人承担从现收现付制向部分积累制的转制成本,个人账户缴费不得不用于保障当期养老金的发放,从而形成了“空账”。

“统账结合”制度是中国的一个创举,这个制度表面上看起来是和世界银行建议的“三支柱”模式类似,实际上却有根本的不同。

但是,中国的养老保险制度与世界银行“三支柱”不同的是,将第一支柱和第二支柱捆绑在一起,形成了一个混合制度。

李珍认为,基本养老保险中设置强制性的个人账户引发了许多问题,从理论上来说,个人账户强调的是精算公平,而作为统筹的社会保险强调的是社会公平,将个人账户内置于社会保险之内,导致社会保险的价值观和运行机理都是冲突的。

不少受访人士认为,虽然20多年过去了,当年的预警都已经成为现实——养老费率居高难降,企业不堪重负;个人账户大规模空账运行,由于是空账,个人账户基金不得不以最低利率来计息,这成为退休人员收入不断降低的主要原因之一。

引发养老待遇降低

李珍2011年就开始研究个人账户对退休收入的影响。她说,个人账户是否能提供有效保障取决于它的收益率能否盯住工资增长率。

她的研究显示,过去的十几年年平均工资增长率为13.41%,而个人账户只能按照一年期银行利率计息,计息率仅为2.66%,这就意味着一个按社会平均工资100%缴费18年(1997~2014年)的人,其个人账户只积累了46146元,如果是男职工,此时退休每月从中只能拿到332元;如果是女职工,每月则更是只能拿到236.65元。

按照2014年全国退休人员平均养老金2061元来计算,每个月能从个人账户中拿到的钱只占到月收入的11%到15%之间,退休人员大部分的收入还是来自统筹资金。

从今天养老金的构成来看,个人账户显然达不到38.5%的目标,甚至也达不到2005年《国务院关于完善企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》(38号文)所希望的24.2%的目标。

李珍表示,个人账户既没有增进效率,也没有解决人口老龄化情况下退休收入保障的问题,却引发了退休收入的下降,长期来看必然对制度的财务平衡产生压力。

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