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面对中国高铁的告诉发展,阴谋论者到底在想些什么?

2017-08-28 13:57:17   瞭望智库

目前,全球只有东京—大阪、巴黎—里昂、北京—上海三条高铁线路处于盈利状态。世界银行研究认为,一般而言,线路连接城市所保有的人口数量至少要达到2000万方可实现盈利。基于以上三条线路的特点,尤其是线路所连接的城市经济、距离和人口,结合中国高铁“走出去”近年的初步实践,几乎可以断言:海外高铁项目在可预见的将来难以盈利,甚至会给建设单位带来巨大的资金压力和财务风险。

基于“一带一路”、互联互通的战略价值,中国高铁“走出去”线路相当部分都规划在人烟稀少的经济欠发达地区。中蒙俄、新亚欧大陆桥、中国—中亚—西亚、中国—中南半岛、中巴、孟中印缅六大经济走廊中,实际上大部分是欠发达国家和地区。因此,必须直面这些国家经济实力严重不足、高铁资金需求大、经济回报较差等现实问题。

就中国高铁“走出去”的主旨来说,推动中国的贸易线路从海运转向陆运,促进国际产能合作,从而改变世界经济贸易的格局,这种战略布局意义深远。因此,我们不仅要在商言商,从经济角度算好高铁“走出去”的“小账”,争取尽可能好的财务目标;更重要的是,要从“一带一路”总体构想和打造人类“命运共同体、利益共同体、价值共同体”的高度,算好高铁在政治外交、经济社会、军事国防、文明文化等全方位、多层次、宽领域产生的溢出效应“大账”。

3,社会张力:人口流动与文明冲突

迄今为止,人们对中国高铁“走出去”关注最多的是其经济利益和战略价值。对中国高铁“走出去”的社会效应,特别是人口加速流动与各种文明冲突之间的张力缺少必要的关注。

高速铁路的现代性内涵,恰如英国社会学家安东尼·吉登斯所说的“时空抽离”。它不仅极大地降低了地区间人口流动的运输成本,影响区域人口流动的强度与方向,也扩大了核心区域的影响半径。可以预见,随着中国高铁“走出去”战略的实施,“一带一路”沿线人口的流动性必然大大增强。然而,人口的加速流动所带来的并非全是福音,著名学者亨廷顿所说的“文明的冲突”,或将随着高铁建成而成为沿线国家必须直面的重要战略问题。

目前,在中国高铁“走出去”主要线路所经的中亚、高加索、巴尔干及新月地带,均存在着至少两种不同文明,这些文明在与其他文明交汇的地方形成文明的断裂带。例如,中亚就是伊斯兰、斯拉夫、汉蒙、印度、佛教五大文明的断裂带,而巴尔干半岛则是包含罗马尼亚、希腊、土耳其、塞尔维亚、保加利亚、阿尔巴尼亚、克罗地亚、波斯尼亚、斯洛文尼亚、马其顿、黑山等十一大民族,以及东正教、天主教、伊斯兰教三大宗教交汇博弈的场所。这些断裂带的存在客观上为高铁“走出去”埋下了文明冲突的隐患和风险。

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