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面对中国高铁的告诉发展,阴谋论者到底在想些什么?

2017-08-28 13:57:17   瞭望智库

然而,在庞大需求与有效需求之间却有很大落差和不确定性,其间存在着很多变量,尤其是政治、社会、文化甚至国防、军事等诸多变量需要综合考量。以亚洲为例,虽然伊朗规划了870公里,越南规划了1600公里,泰国更长达2877公里,但以伊朗、越南和泰国目前的发展状况看,即使有发展高铁的现实需求,也无力承担高昂的建设费用。

此外,各国中央(联邦)政府、地方政府及非政府组织之间的复杂关系,族群、宗教、文化因素以及中、美、俄、日、欧盟等大国和地区角力,也直接或间接影响着高铁市场拓展。再以欧洲为例,虽然捷克规划了890公里,波兰规划了1127公里,西班牙规划了1327公里,法国规划了1786公里,俄罗斯地广人稀规划里程达2208公里,但是,欧洲高铁市场的竞争主体早已入位,中国高铁只有在标准被国际认可后,才有可能进入欧洲市场。同时还要与德国、法国、西班牙等强有力的竞争对手一决雌雄,未来想在欧洲市场占据一席之地,显然绝非易事。

因此,在需求和有效需求之间,一方面要在宏观上着眼新一轮科技革命和产业革命的兴起,充分意识到各国基于可持续发展、城市化进程、区域共同市场、综合绿色运输体系构建、国际通道建设等方面的战略考虑而形成的对高铁的旺盛需求。另一方面,又要在中观上全面审视各国经济、政治、社会、宗教、人口以及安全等多重现实因素。在微观操作层面上,尤其要理性审慎评估高铁目标国在财力、人口密度、电力供应、经济发展水平等方面的实际状况,敏锐识别“用不上”或者“建不起”高铁的需求,精准把脉有效需求。

经济张力除“需求”与“有效需求”外,高铁盈亏问题当是题中之义。对于一国内政来说,高铁建设的社会效益也许是第一位的,因为高铁本身就是公共产品。然而,“走出去”的高铁,需从整体、全局和长远考虑,同时兼顾社会性和经济性,统筹战略性和盈利性。

在建中的印度尼西亚雅万高铁,“由中方提供资金且不需要主权信用担保”。采用这一“印尼模式”的高铁,风险如何?盈利性如何?可复制可推广价值如何?这些问题值得深入分析和探讨。毕竟,盈利是最基本最朴素的诉求。事实上,雅万高铁原计划于2015年11月开工,三年建成,但时至2016年9月才完成征地项目的60%。不仅如此,协议还将该项目的总造价从此前的55亿美元压缩至51.35美元。几亿美元的缩减,意味着这条号称真正意义上的“中国高铁第一单”的高铁线路在基建阶段已几无利润可言。

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