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70年后,美国的首要对手已经不是俄罗斯!

2017-08-14 09:31:24   瞭望智库

“双普会”后扭转两国关系恶化趋势的希望落空,俄罗斯很失望。俄罗斯议会上院国际事务委员会主席科萨乔夫说:“美国国会投票一边倒,表明俄美关系不可能正常化,更不可能出现突破,只可能继续恶化,虽说恶化的余地几乎已丧失殆尽。”

俄罗斯原先指望跟特朗普“做一笔大交易”,后来又指望美国政坛乱象让俄罗斯有机可乘。对俄制裁法通过后,俄美已经难有共同的积极话题,在双边关系和国家热点问题上达成协议将更加困难。

在苏美争霸时期,相互驱逐外交官是家常便饭。俄罗斯这次单方要求美驻俄外交使团人数与俄驻美外交官人数对等,却是前所未有。这具有相当大的象征意义,反映目前俄美关系的僵冷状态。

在苏联解体以来的20多年中,俄美双方类似的举措一般会导致相互报复轮番升级,最后回归理性。这次如果双方的反制措施轮番升级,只会进一步缩小特朗普对俄政策的选择余地。特朗普如果报复,将断送他与俄罗斯和解的梦想;如果不回应,就会被美国精英指责为对普京软弱,就会恶化执政处境。

然而,俄罗斯对特朗普政府还不急于采用当初对奥巴马政府那种针锋相对的战术。这是因为,俄罗斯尽管对特朗普不满意,但在处理对美关系方面,一筹莫展。俄罗斯近年来对西方制裁采取了一系列反制措施,结果是“杀敌一千,自损八百”。对俄罗斯来说,无论从地缘政治还是从经济利益的角度考虑,一味追加对美制裁于己不利。

对美国国会和特朗普政府,普京依然采取区别对待的策略。这给特朗普的对俄制裁保留了回旋余地。

严重的问题在于,通过制俄法案后,美国的对俄政策将变得更加机制化,将在极小的程度上取决于美国总统。

制裁已经越出克里米亚-乌克兰问题的范畴,同2014-2016年地缘政治危机脱钩。制裁的核心对象已经不是涉及具体问题的个人或公司,而是整个普京政权和支持这一政权的精英,跟他们是否涉及俄罗斯对外政策或乌克兰事态无关。

在这种情况下,俄罗斯即使在东乌克兰问题上让步,迎合美国和西方立场,也于事无补。

7月31日,美国副总统彭斯指责俄罗斯“试图通过武力重新划定国界,破坏主权国家民主,分裂欧洲自由世界”。他说,这一观点得到特朗普总统的支持。

无巧不成书。美俄关系最新一轮恶化,恰好发生在美国冷战战略制订者乔治·凯南名著《苏联行为的根源》发表70周年之际。凯南1947年7月发表的这篇文章,定义了此后40年主导华盛顿的战略:美国对苏政策须立足于高度警惕、坚定不移、锲而不舍地长期遏制其扩张倾向。

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