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美国左翼的未来在于自身建设

2017-08-08 07:45:44   新华网

近日,由于美国共和党的内部分歧,导致特朗普致力于推翻奥巴马医疗政策改革的努力终告失败。这一结果再次引发特朗普和党内建制派的矛盾,随后,特朗普在个人推特上指责了持反对意见的共和党议员。在内斗不断的共和党主宰美国国内政治的当下,左翼的未来如何呢?

纵观美国历史,左翼在塑造美国政治生态方面的作用大于右翼。上世纪30年代的罗斯福新政,开启了政府干预经济的左翼政府管理模式;之后的民权运动,彰显了左翼主张的开放、多元、包容的社会价值理念。但是由于左翼建制派对蓝领阶层利益的忽视,导致右翼在2016年美国大选大获全胜。未来左翼的发展将取决于以下因素。

民主党党建工作至关重要

首先是左翼建制派的自身建设。美国两党制一直是比较松散的政党制度,两党均不重视党建工作,相比共和党,民主党的党建工作更弱。因此,党建工作对左翼未来至关重要。

一方面是左翼建制派的领导力建设。目前,民主党内几个重要的领导者有参议院民主党领袖舒默、众议院民主党领袖佩洛西以及来自明尼苏达州的众议员凯斯·埃里森等。舒默虽然在弥补党内分歧、实现党内团结方面具有较好的能力,但是仅靠一己之力难以实现民主党的重建;佩洛西的领导能力则备受党内其他成员的质疑。相比建制派的舒默、佩洛西,凯斯·埃里森与党内建制派和草根阶层均保持了良好的关系,并获得支持,代表了民主党重建的新方向———重新获得左翼草根阶层的支持。但是他在竞选民主党全国委员会主席时失败,显示出其领导能力还需要进一步的成长。最终,拉美裔的汤姆斯当选为民主党全国委员会主席,其拉美裔背景有利于整合民主党少数族裔的力量,但他在重建民主党方面的领导力尚需时日观察。

另一方面是民主党的基层建设。美国学者亨德里克斯认为民主党的基层建设要借助于地方团体,而不是重金投入进行电视、广告宣传。一些地方的左翼组织,诸如“新佛罗里达的大多数”“得克萨斯项目”“俄亥俄协作组织”等具有忠诚的左翼信仰,但可惜的是民主党并未对他们提供一定的资助,调动其活动积极性和踊跃性,继而壮大基层力量,建立地方领导力。如果左翼进一步提高党内领导力和基层建设,则其未来较为乐观。

左翼民粹主义运动能否产生助推力

其次是左翼民粹主义运动是否能对左翼的未来发展产生有效的助推力。2008年金融危机后,左翼、右翼民粹主义运动同时爆发。但相比右翼声势浩大的茶党运动,左翼的“占领华尔街”运动对美国政治生态的影响较小。其中的一个主要原因是民主党建制派对“占领华尔街”运动支持力度不够,导致运动偃旗息鼓。相比之下,共和党充分利用茶党运动,并在多次大选中获胜。2016年美国总统大选中,左翼民粹主义运动再次兴起,桑德斯是这场运动的领导者和受益者,但最终桑德斯未获党内提名。

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