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气候变化对大豆产量的影响分析

2017-10-12 09:27:54   

大豆生长时间长度为90—120天,大约4个月,生长周期包含4个阶段:种植期、开花期、灌浆期和收获期。北半球大豆主产国是美国,每年5—6月播种、9—10月收获;南半球大豆主产国是巴西和阿根廷,每年主要在10—12月播种,次年3—5月收获。

目前,美豆种植最大的几个州分别是伊利诺伊州(11.85%)、爱荷华州(11.62%)、明尼苏达州(9.33%)、北达卡他州(7.07%)、印第安纳州(6.84%)、密苏里州(6.62%)、内布拉斯加(6.32%)和南达科他州(5.86%)。其中印第安纳州降水数据缺失,此处不予考虑。从数据的可获得性和简单性原则出发,我们选取美豆种植面积较大的七州作为样本进行考察。这七个州大豆种植面积占全国55%以上。对于美国而言,一个简单的方法判断当年天气好坏,可以从优良率指标考虑。优良率高说明当年天气状况良好,反之代表天气不好,从数据来看,天气完美的“典范”出现在2004年、2009年、2010年以及2014—2016年。平均优良率低于60%的年份为:2001—2003年、2005年、2008年以及2012—2013年。

对于降水而言,主要会引起旱灾和洪涝。干旱是大豆最常见的灾害性天气,对市场的影响也是最大的,干旱的持续时间和强度决定大豆的减产数量。大豆各个生长阶段的耗水量差异很大。播种到出苗时期,耗水量大约占总耗水量的5%,如水分不足或中途落干,种子在土壤中很容易丧失生长能力,即使勉强发芽出苗也难以达到全苗壮。出苗到分枝时期,耗水量约占总耗水量的13%。分枝至开花,耗水量约占总耗水量的17%,由于花芽陆续分化,进入营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段,这一时期大豆对水分的要求开始增长,及时灌水对大豆生长发育均有促进作用。开花至鼓粒阶段,大豆需水最多,约占总耗水量的45%,是大豆需水的关键时期,蒸腾作用强度在这个时期达到高峰,干物质也直线上升。因此这个时期及时而充分的供给水分,是保证大豆高产的重要措施。大豆鼓粒至完熟,耗水量大约占总耗水量的20%,这一时期若干旱缺水,则瘪粒、瘪荚增多,粒重下降。

分析天气状况不好的2001—2003年、2005年、2008年以及2012—2013年的数据,我们发现这些年份大豆的优良率普遍在60%以下,下面我们对优良率和降水指标做进一步分析。大豆在出苗期所需水分较少,而7—8月结荚期到鼓粒期是大豆生长所需水分最多的时期。美国夏季温和多雨,这样的季节性特征也让大豆市场天气炒作集中在种植期和结荚期,而在收割期一般降水较少,因此,收割期天气炒作一般较少。通过分析大豆优良率和降水数据可以发现,6—8月当月度降水达到85—120毫米时,优良率整体会在60%以上;当月度降水不足80毫米时,优良率普遍较低,容易引起对干旱的炒作。

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