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金融开放稳步前行 汇率改革适时推进

2017-09-26 07:33:02   中国经济网

利用汇改时间窗口

在金融业改革开放中,人民币汇率形成机制改革是一项重要任务。当前人民币汇率形成机制的改革进入关键阶段。中国人民银行二季度货币政策执行报告明确,下一步将进一步完善人民币汇率市场化形成机制,加大市场决定汇率的力度,增强人民币汇率双向浮动弹性,保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定。

中国金融四十人论坛高级研究员张斌认为,进一步完善人民汇率形成机制,意味着更多地由市场供求关系决定人民币汇率,尽量减少对外汇市场的干预,当下就是较好的时机。从经济基本面看,无论是国内还是国外均有所好转,经常项目、物价水平和经济增速的指标都不错。同时,企业规避汇率风险的意识、使用风险管理工具的意愿和操作水平都在提高。货币当局应对外汇市场波动的工具更加充裕。

黄益平也认为,目前是非常好的推进汇率改革的时间窗口。过去货币当局不是在抗击单边升值预期,就是在努力消除单边贬值预期。市场稳定下来后,如果不采取改革动作,未来市场的变化很难说,应利用好现在的时间窗口。

中国社会科学院学部委员、中国世界经济学会会长余永定呼吁,有关部门应尽快落实“深化人民币汇率形成机制改革”的要求,实现汇率制度由“类爬行钉住”到“浮动”的转变。

对于如何实施改革,张斌提出两个方案。一是采取类似美国、欧元区等发达经济体那样自由浮动的汇率形成机制,但并不意味着货币当局完全放弃外汇市场干预,在极端情况下仍可采取措施;二是采取人民币宽幅区间浮动的汇率形成机制,主要盯住一篮子货币,同时设定年度汇率波动区间。

中国金融四十人论坛高级研究员管涛表示,未来随着对外开放进一步扩大,跨境资本流动管理仍要继续发挥作用,要建立宏观和微观两个层次的跨境资本流动管理框架。微观层面,要去“宏观调控功能”,促进资本项目可兑换、服务贸易投资便利化,把监管重点从事前转向事中、事后,强化真实性、合规性监管。宏观层面,要构建资本管制和宏观审慎管理两个维度的管理框架,尽快完善政策工具箱,完善宏观审慎监测评估机制和压力测试,保留“托宾税”等资本管制手段。

审慎监管不可少

推进金融业对外开放已成共识,但开放的节奏和顺序仍需斟酌。金融业开放既可以带来效率的改善,也会增加金融市场的不稳定性,防风险成为开放过程中的重中之重。

“要主动有序推进金融业开放。”黄益平表示,金融业开放、汇率形成机制改革、减少资本管制“三驾马车”要协同推进。

朱民认为,融入世界金融体系要准备好接受世界金融体系的波动。为了更好地预防和防控世界金融体系的波动,要建立宏观审慎监管体系。

黄益平认为,扩大金融市场开放不仅可以引进先进的经营管理理念、技术和规则,促进市场竞争,提升市场效率,强化市场纪律,消除金融风险的痼疾,也有利于分散风险。当然,不能一放了之,要仔细设计金融业开放的路径和审慎监管的框架。

此外,应综合考虑为了防风险而设置的门槛。中国社科院世经政所国际政治经济学研究室主任冯维江表示,在开放过程中,如果出于维护金融安全、防控金融风险而设置的门槛条件过高,在双向开放时会产生一些问题。在考虑金融业开放时,一要注意现在的实力和地位,二要注意实力和地位在未来发展中的合理预期。

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