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深化铁路改革是攻坚战和持久战

2017-09-24 07:36:52   中国经济网

实际上,铁路是传统时代最特殊和最复杂的网络型企业,正因为中国铁路网完整,规模效益才如此显现。美国铁路里程最多时高达40多万公里,有6000多家铁路公司,造成很多铁路线重复建设,调度、运营主体杂乱,网络规模效益低。经过100多年的兼并重组,拆除9万多公里的铁路,依然存在着6大铁路网和数百个小型铁路公司,运输效率远低于中国。可见铁路“一张网”何其重要。

还有舆论认为,铁路应将非直接与运输生产服务的企业和经营板块“拆分”出市场。这些言论,既不符合铁路实际,更不符合中央做大做强国有企业的目标。近年来,在全面深化改革的大背景下,中央企业重组整合节奏加快,“强强联合”大势所趋。中国国电集团公司与神华集团有限责任公司本同为世界500强企业,已属超级企业规模,但今年8月28日,两家公司重组为国家能源投资集团有限责任公司。从中可见,深化国企改革,必须做大做强铁路,而不是一“拆”了之。

深化铁路改革内容为主,形式次之。最近,铁总党组根据中央巡视组意见,加快推进改革发展步伐,拿出了改革的方式、步骤和时间表,制定《关于发展混合所有制经济的意见》《关于全面推进铁路局公司化改革的指导意见》,年内基本完成公司制改革,并在一些领域加快实施铁路企业混合所有制改革和资产资本化。对于深化改革,领导人曾讲,要“找准穴位,击中要害”。笔者认为,在坚持基本原则前提下,深化铁路改革,要注重破解制约铁路持续发展的问题,推动实质性发展,绝不能为改革而改革,而应根据行业发展和企业发展实际推进务实性改革。

笔者以为,深化铁路改革应该着重破解以下实质性问题。

从现代企业建立方面看,铁总所属企业的公司制改革正在进行中,需要推进铁总自身公司化改革,进一步理顺铁路两级企业法人管理关系,在保持“铁总—铁路局(公司)—站段”三级运输管理架构下,创造性形成适合企业化、市场化、资本化发展的体制机制,建立产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学的铁路新型企业制度。这是深化铁路改革的必由之路,也是首要问题。

从产品服务方面分析看,铁路两大主要产品之一的客运板块以商旅经济为核心,产品和服务体系已非常清晰,服务不断完善,铁路与其他运输方式的客运系统衔接基本到位,市场份额和效率效益十分显著。2016年,旅客周转量占全社会旅客周转量的40.1%,营业收入超过铁路货运。客运的商旅化发展前景期好。但是以现代物流为核心的货运板块,产品和服务体系不清,市场份额缩减,特别是白货领域所占比例更少。2016年,铁路货运周转量仅占全社会的18%。目前,铁路白货运输占全社会白货运量比例不到10%。铁水联运比例2%、海铁联运比例1%、公铁联运比例不足1%。

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