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深化铁路改革是攻坚战和持久战

2017-09-24 07:36:52   中国经济网

所以,铁路在货运方面,发展空间巨大,应以发展现代物流为重点,加快铁路供给侧结构性改革。从市场和用户的需求侧积极调整优化铁路运输服务供给,减少低效和无效供给,加快运输生产型企业向现代物流型企业转型。更为重要的是,要以铁路为核心,整合铁路专业运输公司,组建中国铁路物流集团公司,形成铁路非大宗货物物流市场主体,加快与公路、海运、水运等其他运输方式的相关企业战略重组,推动中国国际化的多式联运平台建设,以新的产品和服务体系,全链条服务中国社会物流发展,为降低中国物流成本,促进经济社会发展,助力“一带一路”建设,体现铁路真正的担当。这才是铁路深化改革最应该体现的成果。若铁路推动多式联运获得成功,则铁路改革大功垂成。

从市场化发展方面看,铁路真正可市场化发展的企业类型是非运输企业,而不是运输企业。运输企业的市场化推进,会涉及国计民生的重大基础保障利益,有“私有化”之嫌,存在巨大的社会、安全和国家战略风险。而涉及铁路站车商业、旅游、饭店、广告、传媒、餐饮、商贸、工业制造等非运输企业,与铁路运输生产关联程度低,相比运输企业,市场化程度也较高,资产资源优势明显,非运输收入所占铁总年收入的比重已超过40%。在非运输企业领域可探索推进混合所有制改革,通过加强非运输企业整合,加大对外合作力度,充分挖潜铁路资产资源优势,推进投资主体多元化,探索资产资本化、股权化、证券化,更好反哺非运输业,争取更多资产资源的溢出效应,使铁路从管理资产向管理资本方向发展,

从内部管理方面看,要提高劳产率,降低人工成本。受制于高密度的客货混跑、严要求的安全控制力度、点多线长的运营等实际,铁路企业用工数量多,人均劳产率还不高。2005年时,原铁道部撤销了41个铁路分局,并将站段由1526个减至633个,减幅58.5%,铁路全系统指标大幅提升。但是2013年之后,除新建铁路开通运营确实需要新成立单位之外,很多铁路局又相继新建和恢复了一些原有站段。目前看,铁路企业一些管理机构和组织过于庞杂,科技化、集约化、信息化、网络化的管理手段利用还不够;运输生产一线管理层人员数量占比过高,需要精简机构,精干管理层,补强作业层。

此外,铁路属于劳动密集型行业,人工成本是铁路企业的主要成本。但是按照国家人社部《劳务派遣暂行规定》,国企劳务派遣用工数量不得超过其用工总量的10%。按照传统管理思路,铁路企业难以实现灵活用工,形成了较大数量的正式员工队伍。深化铁路改革,铁路企业应该向市场化程度较高的其他中央企业学习,在很多生产和服务领域,完全可采用业务外包、服务外包、项目外包等形式,通过加强社会合作,灵活用工用人,降低人工成本,并在高危风险生产环节,探索机械化、智能化发展,较少用工,提高企业效率效益。

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