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十年了,全球金融早期危机预警力提升了多少

2017-09-15 09:51:51   新华网

为了调查金融危机爆发的原因,美国国会决定设立美国金融危机调查委员会,专门调查金融危机爆发的原因。在经历了长达一年半的分析和调查,经过了19天的集中听证,并访谈了700多名证人后,最终于2011年1月27日公布了长达576页的调查报告,得出九项结论,最重要的是认为这场百年一遇的金融危机是可以避免的,联邦政府监管失职和华尔街金融机构危险操作是酿成金融危机的主因。

报告说,危机是有征兆的,比如高风险次级贷款的膨胀、房价不可持续的增长、泛滥的肆无忌惮的贷款行为、华尔街高风险金融产品的急剧增加等等。悲剧之所以发生,是因为这些征兆被忽略了或至少没引起重视。另外,报告认为美联储和其他联邦监管机构的失职造成的次级房贷失控、过度资产债券化、评级机构的推波助澜等都直接导致了金融危机的爆发。调查委员会主席安吉莱兹说,联邦政府没有控制住华尔街的草率行为,应该为金融危机承担主要责任。他说,从各方面来看,美国金融体系自危机前夕以来并没有发生太大改变,如果不吸取教训历史还会重演。

应该说,经历了这场席卷全球的金融危机之后,无论是国际金融监管体系还是区域与国别金融监管体系都发生了不小的变革,加强金融监管,重构监管体制成为各国金融体制改革的重要内容,而建立更有效的全球金融监管体系则成了主要国际金融组织的工作着力点。例如,G20取代G8成了全球治理的新平台,担负着最为重要的沟通与协调职能;金融稳定理事会(FSB)取代了金融稳定论坛(FSF),负责全球金融系统性风险评估及国际监管协调;《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》逐步在各国实施,并特别提出了杠杆率监管指标;主要经济体强化了对影子银行及场外市场衍生品的监管,加强了对系统重要性金融机构的监管;各国在构建宏观审慎监管框架,强调宏观审慎监管与微观审慎监管相结合方面也取得了一定的进展。

这场国际金融危机已经过去,甚至从显性的经济增长指标来看,各国经济基本上修复到接近甚至超过危机前的水平。国际货币基金组织预计,今年全球经济增速将达到最近6年来的新高。但是,无论是作为金融危机策源地的美国,还是受到这场危机冲击最为严重的欧洲,这些年来都为修复各自金融体系、提振实体经济而采取包括量化宽松、去杠杆、制造业回流等措施,却迄今都没有人敢说:这场金融危机的流毒已经被清除。更没有人敢保证,未来不会再次爆发更大规模的全球金融危机。

十年前那场金融危机已向世人证明:在实体经济绩效未能得到同步提高、对“大而不能倒”的金融机构缺乏有效监管的情况下,放任金融过度深化、鼓励无休止的金融创新乃至经济增长主要靠扩张信贷来支撑,最终会对经济体系和金融秩序造成摧毁性的破坏。未来,全球究竟能在多大程度上避免大规模金融危机的发生,能在多大程度上对金融危机发出早期预警,既取决于主要经济体能否在止住“脱实入虚”趋势的基础上,迈上内生性经济增长轨道,也取决于各国在核心金融信息沟通和经济金融政策协调,进而在监管接口方面能否迈出建设性步伐。然而,就全球而言,无论是核心金融信息的沟通,还是监测系统的统筹协调,乃至应对突发金融事件的快速反应,等等,都需要具有很强执行力的机构来运作。而在当今的全球经济与金融治理框架下,要实现上述目标,说易行难。

监管只是防范金融危机的手段。鉴于管控成本不断递增,当今各主要经济体既要通过前瞻性研究,保持敏锐的金融直觉以提高对金融危机的早期预警能力,更要在对经济与金融体系全面体检的基础上调整经济结构,尽快告别债务推动型增长模式,将全球金融发展与创新建立在制造业基础稳固、全球贸易价值链提升的基础之上。任何时候,实体经济和虚拟经济作为皮与毛的关系都不能颠覆。(章玉贵 上海外国语大学国际金融贸易学院院长、经济学教授)

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