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央行孙国峰:构建中国金融科技监管“双支柱”

2017-09-13 08:36:28   新华网

所以,在我看来,美国一些金融科技监管经验很值得中国借鉴,特别是其穿透式监管、功能监管方面。在美国,不管金融科技以何种形态出现,均根据涉及的金融业务性质纳入到相应的金融监管体系之中,比如P2P,有些业务涉及产权变化,由美国证监会进行监管。美国财政部对货币服务机构进行监管,每个州都有货币转移法,对货币转移要求在州政府监管机构进行注册登记,此外美国还有联邦消费者保护法、联邦金融消费者保护局,从行为监管的角度保护相关消费者的合法权益。

至于监管沙盒,作为一个国际经验,也不排除考虑在个别领域进行试点,但总体并不适合在中国大范围普遍开展。中国金融科技现在主要的问题还是监管不足。从国际经验看,实施监管沙盒的都是一些初创型企业,金融科技自我发展动力不足,需要鼓励发展。相反,我国市场比较大,金融科技机构相对来说比较容易盈利,自身发展动力强,在此背景下如果再实施监管沙盒,我国可能会遇到很多大中小型FinTech机构都来申请,监管沙盒可能容纳不下如此多的机构。

综上所述,中国金融科技监管要注重微观功能监管和宏观审慎管理相结合。微观功能监管采取穿透式监管,根据金融科技的金融特征,按照相关业务的类别由相关监管当局进行监管,实现监管全覆盖,避免监管空白。宏观审慎管理是把金融科技纳入到宏观审慎管理框架当中,完善支付机构客户备付金集中制度。金融科技行业风险传染性强,金融科技可能造成流动性风险。一些与第三方支付相关的金融科技公司收取客户备付金,一旦发生风险,对于银行流动性可能产生较大的影响。因此,对第三方支付机构的客户备付金要有一个风险准备金的管理。而且很重要的是应当把具有系统重要性的金融科技公司纳入宏观审慎管理框架。比如,金融科技巨头凭借丰富的产品线,汇集大量数据,客观上形成了数据垄断、数据寡头,造成信息孤岛,不利于行业健康有序发展。以新成立的网联为例,它实际就是解决数据垄断的问题。以前一些与第三方支付相关的金融科技公司在银行办理相关清算业务,从银行端不能看到金融科技公司的资金流动具体情况。现在网联成立了,明年6月30日起支付机构受理的涉及银行账户的网络支付业务全部通过网联平台处理,第三方支付机构不能直接和银行联网进行网络支付业务,这样有助于管理层了解和掌握第三方支付机构和银行发生的相关数据,从而打破数据垄断。

 监管科技可持续发展需推动监管成本适度内部化

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