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记者:伴随着金融科技的快速发展,传统的监管手段难以完全适应新形势发展需要。近年来监管科技在金融科技监管领域得到广泛运用。请您介绍下国际上监管科技发展情况?您对于推进我国监管科技发展有何建议?
中国要发展监管科技,一是要推动大数据的标准化,这是进行大数据分析、人工智能运用的基础。二是制定相关行业规则和标准,有效规范市场进入和退出,为金融科技行业提供有序的公平竞争环境。三是对数据分析加强相关研究,与国际组织、各国中央银行进行合作,共同推进。此外,在这个过程中,还要建立可持续的监管科技发展机制,推动监管成本适度内部化,有利于解决监管的激励约束机制问题,缓解金融监管中的不公平性问题,构建公平、有序、竞争的金融科技新生态。
孙国峰:监管科技可以定义为科技与监管的有机结合,使技术用于金融机构满足监管合规要求。监管科技最早起源于发达经济体,特别是在国际金融危机之后开始逐渐发展起来,主要源自于供给和需求两侧因素。从需求方面看,金融危机后各国监管当局加强监管,金融机构遵守监管法令的成本增加。金融机构为避免由于不满足监管合规而带来的高额罚款,起初雇佣大量人工,但成本支出上升很快,而后开始逐步引入监管科技手段,通过科技的方法达到监管当局的合规要求。当然,监管科技发展到一定程度以后,监管当局为了避免发生一些监管不到位的地方被监管科技规避,也在发展监管科技。目前中国金融科技监管实际是一种包容式监管,容易造成金融机构自身发展监管科技去达到监管合规要求的动力不足。因此,在现行条件下,为了更好地识别控制金融风险,监管当局更多是引入高科技,提高对风险甄别、防范和化解能力。从供给方面看,近两年大数据、云计算、人工智能等新技术的蓬勃发展,使得监管科技发展具备了技术上实现的条件。
只有供给和需求两方面条件都具备,监管科技发展才具有可持续性。其实,中国在供给方面因素与国际上差不多,不过需求方面因素主要来自于金融机构、金融科技公司发展需求不足,但中国金融监管当局需求很强。这主要是由于我国金融业发展速度很快,金融市场规模比较大,还有很多跨市场、跨行业交叉性品种,金融风险防范的任务比较重。为了应对金融风险,需要加强监管,如果仅单纯依靠人工进行监管,成本比较高,不具有可持续性。从以往的实践看,经常是在等到金融风险暴露后,才发现苗头,再去了解相关情况,掌握相关数据。过去这种被动式应对金融风险的方法,明显不适应现在防控金融风险的需要,所以有必要引入高科技手段,采用监管科技的方法,对金融风险进行实时地甄别,为防范和化解金融风险提供一个非常好的基础。比如,现在主要依赖金融机构报送数据进行风险监测。将来随着监管科技的发展,在数据标准整合的前提下,监管当局可以实时地从金融机构、金融科技公司直接抓取最底层、含有多维度信息的数据,生成分析指标,这既保证了相关指标的真实性,又保证了及时性。在此基础上,运用大数据分析、人工智能等方法发现风险隐患,这就相当于建立了系统性金融风险防范的长效机制。系统性金融风险之所以难以防范,主要在于它既涉及到时间轴,可能产生羊群效应,顺周期行为,又涉及到空间轴,容易造成风险相互传染。无论是时间轴还是空间轴,相关传导都很难预测。各国中央银行在金融危机之后都在进行探索,试图去预测预警系统性金融风险,包括建立一些大型的经济模型进行分析,但都很难准确地跟踪预警系统性风险。或许基于大数据的预测,可能会更精准或更有效。
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