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啤酒产量连降3年后重回增长 行业复苏还是触底反弹?

2017-09-07 07:27:16   中国经济网

●面临人口老龄化等挑战

行业低迷之下,近几年各大酒企关停低效或无效产能、集中发力中高端产品等举措,使得啤酒行业从深度调整中迎来“复苏”希望。但长期来看,产能过剩、人口红利逐渐弱化等因素仍将影响啤酒行业的发展。

中国产业信息网刊发的《2017年中国啤酒行业集中度及盈利能力分析》提到,2012年起,啤酒主要消费人群(20岁~50岁)占总人口的比例在逐渐减少。2011年~2015年间,20岁~24岁人口比例出现下降,从总人口的9.48%下降至7.3%;与此同时,50岁~54岁人口所占比例却从5.43%上升至7.58%,说明退出啤酒消费年龄段的人数占比趋于增加。

由于二者之间存在的“剪刀差”,啤酒消费人群下降明显。与需求下降相对应,啤酒行业在高速发展期抢份额、抢市场带来的产能过剩,两者叠加是行业持续低迷的重要原因。

前述酒企内部人士表示,在人口老龄化之外,存在人群年轻化界定区域广阔等社会化因素,因此在一定程度上减轻了啤酒消费人群流失程度。但其坦言,长期来看,人口老龄化等因素带来的行业压力较大,啤酒行业的总消费容量实际上无法扩大,只能通过外延即横向扩展方式拓宽市场。这也是部分酒企开始将目光投向海外市场的主要原因。

此外,进口啤酒大举入华也侵占着本土品牌的市场份额。2011年至2016年间,啤酒进口量从64203千升快速增至646384千升,6年内翻了10倍。据国家统计局数据,2017年1~6月进口啤酒进口量为3.3亿升,同比增长6.7%,进口额3.4亿美元,同比增长5.1%。

“产品更偏中低端,这是国内啤酒企业的缺陷,而高端啤酒整体处于弱势,需要加强。”方刚提出,“虽然进口啤酒整体份额只占整个行业的1.4%左右,但在高端啤酒中,进口啤酒的份额占到了很大一部分。”

从行业格局来看,几大巨头的市占率逐步提高。国内4家最大的啤酒生产商市场份额在2016年时总计达到70.6%,行业呈现巨头竞争格局。据前瞻产业研究院发布的数据,华润雪花市场份额最大,为24.01%;青岛其次,为18.60%;百威第三,达到15.90%;燕京第四,为11.59%;嘉士伯第五,占比5%。

在前述酒企内部人士看来,目前各巨头的基地市场地位稳固,壁垒较完善,资源性投入的渠道恶性竞争将很难再出现,除非行业外资本大举进入,行业格局难以产生较大变化。他认为,未来国内啤酒企业的主要竞争将围绕品牌塑造与产品研发展开。

几大啤酒巨头今年上半年经营情况

珠江啤酒:销量57.55万吨,同比增长9.88%;营业收入18.31亿元,同比增长11.59%;

兰州黄河:啤酒主业销量同比下降4.06%,收入(2.09亿元)同比下降12.57%。

青岛啤酒:销量453万千升,同比增长2%营业收入150.63亿元,同比增长2.15%

华润啤酒:集团营收达157.74亿元,同比增加3.7% 销量较去年同期上升2.9%至630.6万千升

燕京啤酒:啤酒销量272.86万千升,同比增长2.19%,营业收入63.38亿元,同比增长0.71%;

重庆啤酒:营业收入15.90亿元,同比下降2.82%。销量下滑,未公布具体数字和比例

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