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李宇嘉:集体土地建租赁房是统一用地市场改革重大突破

2017-09-05 07:42:16   中国经济网

早在2010年,为缓解公租房建设在用地、资金上的压力,国土部就批复北京、上海作为集体建设用地建设公租房首批试点。此后,北京推进力度很大,平房乡、唐家岭、太舟坞等5个集体用地试点共建租赁房1.28万套,北京还将试点扩展到了市场化租赁房。特别是唐家岭,不仅供应了近2000套租赁住房,改善了城市面貌,还突破了集体土地须经征收才能入市的土地“二元体制”,农民分享到了土地同地同权、直接入市的红利。

但是,过去宅基地腾退和集体发展用地划转时,很多“转用途”手续不完整,另外公租房租金要比市场租金低20%左右,投资回收期太长(10年以上),短期投入大、看不到盈利,村集体和村民观望情绪浓重。加上银行对“两权”抵押非常谨慎,合作开发商参与的积极性也不高,导致公租房建设的试点进展不理想。从2010年启动至今,唐家岭试点的土井村公租房项目仍未入市,平房乡项目也未入住,目前两个项目还在等待验收。由此,入市改革陷入困局。

之所以这项改革进程趋于放缓,很大程度上在于国家对“好经念歪”的顾虑。集体土地市场化过程中,农民处于弱势地位,基层政府利用土地的主动权大、方式多样,内在激励高,与开发商合谋侵害农民利益的现象在过往比较普遍。于是,农地市场化的任何试点及配套措施都小心谨慎,甚至宁愿原地踏步,也不愿出现侵害农民的乱象。

对此应该如何“破局”?笔者认为,“试点先行”仍是国家认可的、风险可控的路径下,有计划地向租赁市场释放,无疑是一条谋求最大公约数的可行改革路径。

首先,按试点城市(北京、杭州)的做法,集体建设用地开发,采取“出让金返还、只交税金”模式,即开发成本仅限建安成本。由此,以目前市场化租金收益计算,投资回报率可达6%左右,开发商参与积极性会提高。

其次,相比市场化踌躇不前的公租房试点,一般租赁住房试点的市场化程度高。结合当前供地全面向租赁住房倾斜的背景,契合同地同权、平等入市的集体土地改革目标。

最后,为新市民、无房户提供租赁住房的长期经营模式,堵住了侵害农民利益的空间。村集体和农民掌握土地入市主动权(而不是被征收),借此可分享新市民涌入和扎根的城市化红利。

集体建设用地建设租赁住房,一方面可缓解城市用地压力,助推新市民“先租后买”,夯实楼市有效需求;另一方面,利用集体土地高位蓄水及巨大的“级差地租”,可以有计划释放低成本供地,这是高房价“软着陆”的策略选择。此外,集体土地价格低、拆迁成本低,配套公共服务的空间充足,能低成本地解决新市民住房需求,这也是城镇化和构建内需社会的可靠路径。

基于以上考虑,笔者认为,试点建设租赁住房,将是我国集体土地入市改革最重大的突破,也是十八届三中全会《决定》提出“建设城乡统一的建设用地市场”改革最重大的突破。

改革框架已搭建,关键是各级政府要改变过往认识上的不足,并以配套措施跟进确保改革进程和风险可控,确保“经不被念歪”,红利能共享。

在具体配套改革上,首先是建设用地“确权-登记-颁证”要到位,避免产权不清产生“公共地悲剧”。

其次,近期国家及地方租赁新政中,均提出积极发挥信托投资基金(REITs)作用。在租金回报率高、新市民租赁潜力红利下,“两权”抵押和REITs在改变投入产出错配、吸引社会资金等方面大有可为。

再次,地方政府要放弃“土地财政”思维,以公共财政角色让公共配套及时跟上租赁供应。

最后,在尊重农民和村集体意愿的前提下,要让他们看到权利义务平等框架下的合作,能够实现多赢和更高水平上的红利分享。(作者李宇嘉为深圳市房地产研究中心研究员)

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