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余永定:当前经济形势好转 完成汇改有利时间窗已现

2017-09-04 07:56:01   中国经济网

资本外逃的危害是多方面的,首先,资本外逃导致国家净资产和国民收入的减少。其次,国民财富或国有资产被少数人鲸吞从而造成贫富差距的扩大。再次,资本外逃由于其隐蔽性,比一般资本外流更容易破坏国家经济的稳定和宏观经济政策的有效性。最后,在危机期间,资本外逃可能成为压倒一个国家金融体系的最后一根稻草。

我认为,在过去几年里中国存在比较严重的资本外逃现象。首先,在中国的国际收支表中,误差与遗漏项太大。2015年和2016年,净误差与遗漏分别达到-2130亿美元和-2227亿美元。而2015年3季度至2017年1季度期间,每个季度的净误差与遗漏保持在-400亿美元到-900亿美元之间,其中人民币贬值幅度较大的2015年3季度和2016年3季度分别达到-875亿美元和-752亿美元。在经济学上,一些经济界人士一直把误差与遗漏作为资本外逃的代表变量之一,误差与遗漏项如此之大,反映了资本外流问题的严重。其次,在过去的7年中,中国一直存在大量的经常项目顺差,理论上来说,中国一直在输出资本。按定义,我国的海外净资产应该是上升的,但实际情况是我国的海外净资产不但没有上升反而有所下降。在此期间,中国累计资本输出量与同期海外净资产形成量之间的缺口大约在1.3万亿美元。尽管统计原因和价值重估可以部分解释这一缺口的存在(美国的这个缺口也很大),但造成中国这个缺口的主要或重要原因应该是资本外逃。例如,如果没有大量资本外逃,中国人如何能够在世界各地购买如此大量的房产。

按我的理解,资本管制可以分为两部分内容。一部分是对国际收支平衡表下某些跨境流动项目的明确禁止。而违反规定的资本外流按定义就是资本外逃。为了抑制资本外逃,必须严格审批、对违规者严加惩处。另一部分是作为宏观经济稳定政策和宏观审慎管理政策补充的跨境资本流动管理。其对象是广义的资本外流(或热钱流入),而不仅仅是资本外逃。例如,每人5万美元换汇额度的规定是为了防止资本突然大规模外流,而不是为了防止资本外逃而专门制定的政策。

资本外逃往往混杂在合法的资本外流之中。政府可以控制资本流出的总量,但剔除混杂在合法流出资本中的外逃成分则十分困难。为了抑制资本外逃,除了进一步加强审核和惩处违规者之类的管制措施之外,似乎也没有什么更好的办法。近年来,政府对一些大宗海外并购活动加强了审核,这是完全必要的,而且取得了比较好的效果。但也应该承认,合法的资本外流同非法的资本外逃在很多时候是难以区分的。加强资本管制必然会对企业和居民的正常经营活动造成种种不便,因而资本管制是一把“双刃剑”,实行资本管制必须掌握好“度”,要避免过犹不及。需要强调的是,在浮动汇率体制下,汇率的变动对资本流动可以发挥自动调节作用。在汇率灵活、富有弹性的情况下,资本管制的必要性会大大降低。但是,资本外逃问题的真正解决还有赖于中国经济体制、金融体系和汇率体制改革的进一步深化。

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