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余永定:当前经济形势好转 完成汇改有利时间窗已现

2017-09-04 07:56:01   中国经济网

完成汇改有利“时间窗”已现

中国证券报:央行行长周小川此前强调,人民币汇率改革的方向仍旧是以市场供求为基础,参考一篮子货币,实行有管理的浮动汇率机制。您如何看待未来的汇改进程和目标?

余永定:汇率改革的最终目标应该是实现汇率的浮动。按照国际货币基金组织的分类,汇率制度分为三大类:“硬盯住”、“软盯住”和“浮动”。中国目前的汇率制度属于“软盯住”大类中的一个子类别“类爬行盯住安排”。根据国际货币基金组织2015年的有关报告,除中国外,实行“类爬行盯住安排”的有牙买加、克罗地亚、伊朗、利比亚、白俄罗斯、埃塞俄比亚、乌兹别克斯坦、卢旺达、塔吉克斯坦、亚美尼亚、多米尼哥、危地马拉、安哥拉、阿根廷、海地、老挝、巴布亚新几内亚、瑞士和突尼斯。后来,阿根廷比索和瑞士法郎也先后实行了浮动。事实上,在国际货币基金组织的189个成员国中绝大部分国家,包括所有发达国家和重要发展中国家,都实行了浮动汇率制度。中国是世界第二大经济体,持续维持经常项目顺差近15年,是世界第一大外汇储备国,也是世界上维持双顺差时间最长的国家、世界上经济增长速度最快的国家;拥有一个高效的政府和完备的资本管制体系,商业银行和金融机构不存在严重货币错配,外债占GDP之比处于低水平、通货膨胀率很低、居民储蓄率很高、金融市场已经取得长足进步。世界上有哪个国家具有比中国更好的实行浮动汇率的条件?

“8·11”汇改是央行推动汇率市场化改革、迈向自由浮动的一次重要尝试,其核心是以前日收盘价决定当日中间价,大方向是完全正确的。事后来看,如果时机选择得更好些,或者在市场贬值预期急剧上升之后,能坚持原定改革方向,并辅之以适度的资本管制,中国汇率体制改革可能就基本完成了。我认为,同资本项目自由化相比,汇率制度改革风险小得多。但不知为何大家对资本项目自由化的接受程度却远高于汇率自由浮动。那种认为通过预期作用汇率一旦升值就会无限升上去,一旦贬值就会无限贬下去的想法,没有任何理论根据,而且也得不到任何事实的支持。

货币当局一直在谈论实现汇率的“双向波动”。既然承认双向波动,就意味着承认存在均衡汇率(虽然均衡汇率本身也可以变动)。而均衡汇率按定义必然是由市场供求关系决定的汇率。

2016年2月,央行推出了“收盘汇率+一篮子货币汇率变化”的人民币汇率中间价形成机制。“一篮子货币汇率变化”的引入,增加了汇率中间价变动的不确定性,在一定程度有助于抑制基于贬值预期的汇率投机。2017年5月底,央行又在中间价报价模型中引入“逆周期因子”。央行最近在2017年《第二季度货币政策执行报告》中指出,在市场单边预期下,简单的“收盘价+一篮子货币汇率变化”可能会导致中间价比较多地反映与预期方向一致的变化,少反映或不反映与预期方向不一致的基本面变化,呈现出一定的非对称性。为了校正这种非对称性,在原定价公式中引入了“逆周期因子”,以使中间价更好反映经济的基本面和市场供求的合理变化。坦率说,我并不能完全理解央行解释的逻辑。我个人认为,“收盘价+一篮子货币汇率变化”定价机制的主要问题是,中间价同时参考收盘价和一篮子货币,并不能准确地反映市场供求,人民币汇率的定价仍然受到央行外汇市场干预的影响。汇率制度改革的方向应该是逐渐增大而不是减少收盘价的权重。

中国的汇改已经走过了漫长的20多年,转向浮动汇率的条件已经基本具备,当前中国经济形势向好的迹象明显,国际收支资本平衡,资本流动趋于稳定,人民币贬值预期基本消失,资本管制的各项措施都已就位。建议有关部门抓住推进汇改的机会,尽快继续按“8·11汇改”思路,完成“深化人民币汇率形成机制改革”的历史任务。  

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