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中国下一代“人造太阳”启动工程设计 求解人类终极能源

2017-07-13 18:27:14   

“东方超环”EAST作为世界上第一个全超导非圆截面核聚变实验装置,集中了超高温、超低温、超大电流、超强磁场和超高真空等多项极限。

“从设计到建设,都是我们自己做的,整个项目的国产化率达到90%以上,自研率在70%以上,同时还取得了68项具有自主知识产权的技术和成果。”宋云涛告诉科技日报记者,EAST主要用来探索实现聚变能源的工程、物理问题,为未来能源发展提供新思路。“现在,科研人员正在对EAST进行全方位的升级改造,为新一轮物理实验做准备。”

CFETR概念图 受访者供图

每一项技术都逼近了极限

1亿摄氏度,1000秒。这两个数字是横亘在中国科学院等离子体研究所核物理科学家和全球科学界面前的两座难以跨越的山峰。

要让核聚变为人类所利用,就意味着要把氘、氚的等离子体瞬间加热到1亿摄氏度,并至少持续1000秒,才能形成持续反应。而这正是“东方超环”EAST的使命。上亿摄氏度和零下269摄氏度,每一个极限都是科研领域的高、精、尖难题,开拓创新就意味着挑战极限。

“传导、对流和辐射造成能量的损失,为了最小的辐射损失,就得全部用真空。我们用五层真空,做成最大的‘保温杯’,实现了一亿摄氏度和零下269摄氏度‘冰火两重天’的结合。”宋云涛告诉记者,要获得更长放电时间,几乎所有的技术都要用到当今世界技术的极致。

事实上,与全球规模最大的能源合作项目——国际热核聚变实验堆计划(ITER)相比,EAST只有其1/4大小。但麻雀虽小,五脏俱全,EAST的成功经验已经支撑了ITER的建设。如研制出可通过90千安电流的高温超导电流引线,使ITER制冷电耗每年减少2/3以上;证明ITER磁体电源设计方案存在的风险,并设计出新方案。

“目前,中国在ITER七方采购包进度中已成为第一位。在核聚变领域,中国人再也不是可有可无的‘小角色’。”宋云涛自豪地说。

在基础科研创新的同时,EAST也带动着我国核聚变相关高科技加工业的发展。

加工的难度在于材料。要控制上亿摄氏度的等离子体,第一层屏蔽层重量就达8000吨。在等离子体所超导导体生产大厅中,宋云涛指着堆叠了两人多高的环形导体告诉记者:“这些导体每一根价值都在3000万元人民币以上。”这些外表看起来再普通不过的导管,却内藏乾坤:每根线管里都是1000根头发丝一样细的导线拧成的超导电缆。

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