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美联储加息配缩表 全球资产酿变局

2017-06-16 14:37:32   经济参考报

瑞穗证券投资信息部高级经济师宫川宪央在一份报告中说,2013年,当时的美联储主席伯南克在发言中暗示要缩小债权购买的规模,引发美国长期利率的上升和新兴经济体货币的贬值,人们对那次的“伯南克冲击”引发的市场混乱记忆犹新。“缩表”的影响还是未知数。正因为如此,有必要注意其招致金融市场避险行为和美元加速升值的可能性。宫川表示,美国作为关键货币国,其推翻大规模货币宽松的过程,不可否定可能将给世界范围内的资金流量造成很大影响。

阿根廷亚洲问题研究机构“亚洲观察”专家塞西莉亚·佩拉尔塔表示,美联储“缩表”会使全球市场上美元增加,涌入的美元会对阿根廷比索构成威胁,从而引发货币的新一轮贬值,这对现在逐渐得到控制的阿根廷通胀率又会是新的打击。美联储“缩表”另一大影响是大宗商品价格的回落,这对大多数依靠原材料出口赚取外汇的拉美国家都是严峻的挑战,也会使拉美国家的债务风险提高,若爆发债务危机,拉美将深陷新一轮经济衰退的泥潭之中。

澳大利亚创新金融研究院院长郭生祥说,美联储从2014年开始预告加息,似乎给了世界足够的准备,其实之前大量流动性的注入仍可能被低估。美联储若急于从加息到缩表,后果会是对美国以及世界脆弱的经济复苏带来剧烈波动,要是应对不够,或将会带来货币政策的反复,对经济复苏有害。郭生祥说,澳大利亚央行和澳金融审慎委员会增加了防患未然的措施,由于澳经济在资源结构、产业结构、财税金融政策、财富分布结构等方面较为稳健,的确会出现资金流出和一定的澳元波动,但是澳经济不至于出现非常激烈的经济金融危机,但可能出现中长期的持续低迷。

中国应积极应对

不少分析人士指出,目前全球主要经济体货币政策走向总体趋稳,中国货币政策预期管理能力不断增强,美联储加息对中国汇率、贸易和货币心里预期等方面产生的影响可控。

一方面,美元升息会加大中国经济管理难度,比如增大人民币贬值压力和资本外流风险等。另一方面,当前的中国经济和中国央行已今非昔比,中国掌控本国经济的能力不断上升。

国际观察人士认为,中国央行的货币政策预期管理已越来越老练,而且近一段时间来,中国已经能够使用更多的工具。

中国采取“稳健中性”的货币政策,根据经济的实际情况做好“预调微调”,做好市场的预期管理,这些都是中国经济稳健增长的有力保障。

东方金诚专家表示,从中期来看,美联储偏鹰派加息渐成主流预期。中国在推进去杠杆等供给侧改革时仍需充分考虑美联储加息进程和我国经济增长的基本面态势,对货币政策适度微调。

工银国际研究部主管程实认为,美联储6月加息用行动确定了美联储鹰派加息的基调,并将由此对美国经济以及全球金融市场产生深远影响,而预期的易变性则会让市场围绕长期的趋势产生更大的波动。

程实指出,美联储6月加息靴子落地推动美元指数下行,但是美联储的鹰派紧缩将令美元中长期强势再获支撑。由于美联储加息已经习以为常,非美货币兑美元汇率可能不会出现大幅贬值压力,人民币兑美元短期企稳的态势也不会发生根本改变。在汇率企稳的前提下,伴随着欧洲央行首次将人民币纳入外储的短期激励,人民币国际化2017年加速推进的大趋势不会受到美联储加息的明显影响。

(责编:孙博洋、夏晓伦)

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