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美联储如期加息 中国可巧妙应对

2017-06-15 11:46:00   新华网

美国联邦储备委员会如市场预期宣布加息,同时公布缩减资产负债表计划,释放出看好美国经济复苏的强力信号。

分析人士认为,全球主要经济体货币政策走向总体趋稳,中国货币政策预期管理能力不断增强,美联储加息对中国汇率、贸易及货币心理预期等方面产生的影响可控。

【新闻事实】

美联储14日宣布加息25个基点,将联邦基金利率目标区间上调到1%至1.25%的水平。这是美联储今年内第二次加息。同时,美联储公布了缩减资产负债表计划的细节。

美联储主席耶伦当天在新闻发布会上表示,如果美国经济增长符合美联储预期,美联储可能会较快执行“缩表”计划,预计将于今年开始资产负债表的正常化,逐步减少对美联储持有的到期证券本金进行再投资。

【深度分析】

美联储加息向市场传递了其对经济前景的信心。次贷危机至今,美国经济在复苏轨道上缓步前行,复苏已经持续9年。今年一季度,美国经济增长率达1.2%。同时,当前美国借贷成本仍然处于低位,即使加息也不会对美国债收益率造成太大影响。因此,尽管指标显示美国经济并不过热,通胀压力也不大,但美联储仍坚持加息。

此次加息不会引发强烈的“外溢效应”。美联储加息步伐“小而稳”,且与市场沟通充分,市场提前充分消化了加息溢价,对加息反应相对平静。同时,从欧洲到印度等新兴经济体,全球主要经济体央行对美联储加息审慎应对,不会进一步加大货币宽松的力度。

前瞻未来,全球货币政策仍面临较大的不确定性。美联储年底前会否再度升息、“缩表”靴子何时真正落地以及特朗普政府将提名哪些美联储高层人选,都将影响美国货币政策未来的走向。

市场预期欧洲央行将在下半年释放更明确的退出QE信号。而德国大选、英国“脱欧”,以及地缘政治风险,也是影响全球货币政策未来走向的变量。

【第一评论】

整体而言,尽管美联储处于货币政策“正常化”轨道,但当前的全球货币政策环境仍处于宽松期。美联储升息和“缩表”会在汇率、贸易以及心理预期等方面对中国产生影响,但都在可控范围内。

一方面,美元升息会加大中国经济管理难度,比如增大人民币贬值压力和资本外流风险等。另一方面,当前的中国经济和中国央行已今非昔比,中国掌控本国经济的能力不断上升。国际观察人士认为,中国央行的货币政策预期管理已越来越老练,而且近一段时间来,中国已经能够使用更多的工具。

中国采取“稳健中性”的货币政策,根据经济的实际情况做好“预调微调”,做好市场的预期管理,这些都是中国经济稳健增长的有力保障。

【背景链接】

自2015年12月至今,美联储已累计加息四次共100个基点。

加息和“缩表”都是美联储收紧货币政策的重要工具。加息将直接推升短期利率水平,进而影响家庭消费和企业投资;“缩表”则会直接推高长期利率,推升企业融资成本,从而令美国金融环境收紧。

近期,美国10年期国债收益率降至去年11月以来最低水平,意味着美国家庭和企业的实际借款成本正在下降。一些美联储官员呼吁启动“缩表”,辅助加息来进一步收紧融资环境。

(原标题:美联储如期加息 中国可巧妙应对)

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