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美联储本周或启动年内第二次加息 市场关注缩表计划

2017-06-13 09:40:53   经济参考报

美国联邦储备委员会(美联储)将于13日至14日召开为期两天的货币政策会议。有分析指出,尽管美国经济目前尚未实现强劲增长,通胀压力温和,但从美联储的表态来看,本次会议启动年内第二次加息的可能性仍很大。

在上个月的议息会议上,美联储将利率维持在0.75%至1%的水平,并表示将会关注是否有迹象能够支持继续加息。美联储官员们还表示,美国经济第一季度的疲弱态势很可能是暂时性的,很快再次启动加息是合适的。美联储内部的主流观点是,随着美国就业市场接近充分就业水平,闲置劳动力资源日益减少,美国通胀水平将逐步回升,并在中期内达到2%的目标。

有批评称,美联储高估了经济增长的潜力和通胀回归目标水平的速度,美国经济数据并不支持美联储的观点。自5月美联储议息会议以来,数据所显示出的美国经济增长态势并未有明显好转,尤其是在就业和通胀数据方面。经济增长数据方面,尽管美国第一季度经济增速被大幅向上修正0.5个百分点至1.2%,但仍难言强劲。就业方面,美国就业增长放缓,劳动力规模出现萎缩,3月至5月期间的平均就业岗位增长数量与之前三个月相比下降了40%;5月失业率降至4.3%,为16年来最低,已低于美联储3月预计的今年底失业率将降至4.5%的水平。通胀方面,通胀压力仍旧温和,4月通胀水平继续回落,过去一年通胀水平为1.7%,离美联储2%的目标仍有差距。

但一些分析认为,美联储目前更加关注就业市场的稳健表现,暂时不会改变今年的加息计划,当前通胀温和不足以妨碍美联储在本周的货币政策会议上启动年内第二次加息。

多数美联储官员担心,如果失业率快于预期大幅下滑,或者薪资增长意外加速,美联储将被迫明显加快加息节奏。美联储主席耶伦曾多次警告,如果美联储等待太久加息,将存在经济过热的风险,美联储将被迫加快后续加息节奏,很可能导致金融环境大幅收紧超出预期,从而威胁美国经济复苏。

目前不少分析均认为,美联储此次会议很可能会再次加息25个基点。据法新社报道,上周五期货市场相关数据显示,投资者认为本周美联储加息的几率接近100%。美国《华尔街日报》本月对经济学家进行的调查显示,约93%的经济学家预计美联储将在6月的货币政策会议上继续加息。这将是2008年金融危机以来美联储第四次加息。

外界还期待美联储能够透露有关缩减资产负债表的计划。金融危机之后,为帮助提振经济增长,美联储通过数轮大规模的量化宽松政策,使资产负债表迅速膨胀至4.5万亿美元规模。美联储曾表示,今年开始缩减资产负债表是合适的。

美联储之前表示,预计今年将加息三次。在美联储何时将进行第三次加息的问题上,外界存在分歧。一些分析认为,时点可能在今年9月,同时目前美国的利率水平仍然处于历史低点,美国能够承受更高的利率水平,也就是说美联储还可能更快加息或缩表。

但还有一些观点认为,美国目前经济过热和通胀的压力均不大,美联储在本月加息之后会放慢加息的步伐,等待更多有关经济、就业和通胀的数据后再做打算。

目前,全球主要经济体的增长都较为温和,货币政策立场均较为宽松,但随着经济增势的企稳,各经济体货币政策的分化正在趋弱。欧洲央行目前排除了进一步降息的可能性,外界认为这表明其正在考虑退出刺激政策。英国央行和日本央行也在思考如何退出宽松政策的问题。除了美联储,本周英国央行和日本央行均将议息,外界普遍预期这两家央行会维持目前的货币政策立场。

美国彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员雅各布·丰克·柯克加德说:“我们正从全球央行将油门踩到底、出台你能想象到的尽可能多的货币刺激措施的情形转变。现在,发达经济体的央行正对经济复苏作出反应。”

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