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市场煤与计划电问题待解 矛盾加剧或引发连锁反应

2017-06-12 17:39:12   经济参考报

有着20多年火电从业经历的同煤集团大唐塔山第二发电有限责任公司总工程师兰文祥也表示,当前火电亏损看似是由于煤价过高,实际上,前几年煤价超底线下跌,煤炭全行业亏损的局面是不可持续的。与煤价下跌后大量问题“水落石出”相似,如今煤价恢复性上涨,火电产能过剩问题凸显。

国家能源局山西能监办数据显示,到今年3月底,山西发电装机达到7660.76万千瓦,其中火电6309.43万千瓦,但省内用电和外送电负荷3500万千瓦左右,电力装机冗余情况严重,七成以上省调电厂亏损。

宁夏有着类似的情况。在电力装机增长与用电需求下降形成严重倒挂的情况下,火电企业发电机组开机不足,不少企业只能单机运行,产能无法有效释放,处于“吃不饱但也饿不死”的尴尬状态。

“近年来我们发电机组利用小时数从最高的7700小时,一路下滑到去年的5070小时。当前用电负荷上不去,只能亏着给用户让利保持发电量。”宁夏一家火电企业负责人介绍说。

显然,国家主管部门已经意识到了问题的严重性。国家发改委副主任、国家能源局局长努尔·白克力此前接受《经济参考报》记者采访时坦言,从存量来讲,我国现在有9.4亿千瓦的煤电装机,但是现在列入规划核准在建的是3.12亿千瓦,如果在“十三五”期间都按期投产的话,那么我国煤电装机将超过12亿千瓦,而“十三五”规划中的控制线是11亿千瓦。当前全国火电设备平均利用小时数连创新低,如果不控制煤电装机,将可能进一步下降,2017年面临全行业亏损风险。而且,从环境治理、大气污染防治的角度,也要适当控制煤电发展节奏。

今年的政府工作报告明确提出,在煤炭、钢铁继续去产能的同时,要淘汰、停建、缓建煤电产能5000万千瓦以上,以防范化解煤电产能过剩风险,提高煤电行业效率,为清洁能源发展腾出空间。

事实上,从去年以来,包括国家能源局在内的相关部门多次下发文件“急踩刹车”,初步收到一定成效。中国电力企业联合会5月16日发布的数据显示,今年1至4月,火电完成投资153亿元,同比下降20%。全国基建新增火电装机容量1169万千瓦、同比少投产1023万千瓦。在电力消费需求持续较快增长、水电发电量下降等因素影响的拉动下,全国规模以上电厂火电发电量14903亿千瓦时,同比增长7.2%,增速比上年同期提高10.4个百分点。全国火电设备平均利用小时为1357小时,同比增加35小时。

然而,形势依然严峻。中国电力企业联合会预计,后三季度全国电力供需仍然总体继续宽松,部分地区相对过剩,预计2017年全年全国发电设备利用小时3680小时左右,其中火电设备利用小时将下降至4080小时左右。

日前国家能源局发布的2020年煤电规划建设风险预警结果显示,全国32个省级电网区域(内蒙古分为蒙东、蒙西电网)中,除海南、湖南两省被列为绿色,河南、湖北、江西、安徽四省为橙色外(西藏未列入评级),其余25个省级电网区域的煤电规划建设风险预警等级均被列为红色,暂缓核准、暂缓新开工建设自用煤电项目(含燃煤自备机组)。

(责编:杨曦、杨迪)

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