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经济缓中趋稳 供给侧改革成效显现

2016-12-30 11:13:35   

2017年经济增长面临的风险点

1.外部冲击风险

一是全球经济增长预期总体疲软。根据IMF《全球经济展望(2016年10月)》的预测,2016年全球经济将增长3.1%,2017年增长3.4%。发达经济体增速依然缓慢,新兴市场和发展中经济仅将温和增长。

二是全球经济面临的冲突日趋加剧。国际金融危机之后,欧美发达国家一直深陷结构性问题,经济改革迟滞,经济复苏缓慢,保守主义倾向抬头。西方反全球化思潮表现得愈发明显,这可能会遏制全球化进一步发展的势头,甚至在一些国家还可能出现“逆全球化”进程。美国经济增长、劳动市场以及住房市场、企业活力等因素好于欧洲和日本,美国加息与欧洲和日本继续量化宽松的货币政策相互矛盾,将导致强势美元;英国投票退出欧盟的影响仍有待充分显现,预计未来将导致全球金融条件收紧,强化美国对世界经济的控制力。

三是新兴市场国家的经济复苏并不稳固,与之相伴的是国内风险的加剧,尤其是继续依赖信贷驱动经济增长导致最终发生破坏性调整的风险增大。具体而言,巴西的消费者和商业信心似乎已经触底反弹,然而,政治和政策不确定性依然存在,给经济前景蒙上阴影。石油价格的上涨在一定程度上缓解了俄罗斯经济困境,目前预计其今年GDP的下降幅度有所缩小,但鉴于长期存在的结构性瓶颈以及制裁对生产率和投资的影响,经济强劲复苏的前景暗淡。

四是美国通胀预期推升利率和美元汇率。美国新总统提出的降低所得税、扩大基建规模、遣返移民等政策趋向于推升美国通胀水平,由于通胀预期升温,预期美国会进入到加息周期,因而美元会持续走强,资金也会持续回流美国,这会导致新兴市场资金持续流失。美元升值又有助于降低进口价格,控制通货膨胀。上述政策搭配产生的一系列循环将延续至美国贸易逆差重新大幅上升到新的临界点。

2.国际经济环境决定我国出口难有大改观,贸易顺差缩小

2016年1-11月累计,按美元计价出口下降7.9%,进口下降6.5%,贸易顺差4720.8亿美元,比去年同期减少622亿美元。按出口重量计算,出口累计同比负增长7%。2017年我国进出口仍会受到以下因素制约:(1) 外需持续低迷、传统竞争优势减弱、部分主要市场国家的货币兑美元大幅度减值,导致我国出口增长放缓。(2)进口方面,去产能措施压缩大宗商品国内供应,大宗商品价格从底部回升,导致铁矿砂、钢材、成品油等进口量累积同比增速从底部回升,上游企业的补库行为可能带动进口的环比和同比的进一步改善。大宗金属矿产品进口量和价格双双上涨,原油价格上涨,都会带动进口额同比上涨。(3)前述两方面因素可能导致贸易顺差收窄。

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