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国企改革“施工图”基本完成 企业自主性增强

2016-12-28 11:11:51   

经理层市场化选聘探索高管“能进能出”。作为国企“三项制度”改革的破题之举,国企经理层的市场化选聘已在一批企业推开。新兴际华、鲁信集团、山东能源集团、兖矿集团等一大批企业选聘了总经理,宝钢集团等企业选聘了副总经理。江西省国资委2014年组织企业面向境内外市场化选聘了1名总经理、7名副总经理和1名财务总监,对他们完全实行市场化管理和激励约束方式。他们的合同中明确规定,如未能完成经营目标将予以解聘。

混合所有制改革进展有序,国企“联姻”民资涌现热潮。辽宁省提出今年国有企业全年引资500亿元目标,通过引进各类资本实现股权多元化,激发企业经营活力;山东省从去年底开始,在58家省管二级企业开展混合所有制试点;江西省已先后完成了中国瑞林、江中集团、江西省建工集团和江西盐业集团等企业混合所有制改革。

国企“去产能”和“僵尸企业”市场出清加快。截至10月末,中央企业已完成分流安置富余人员11万人;中央企业化解煤炭、钢铁过剩产能分别达到3512万吨和1019万吨,充分发挥了示范引领作用。山东省国资委提出,用三年时间完成321户“僵尸企业”的处置工作。其中,拟在今年完成处置的125户“僵尸企业”中,已经完成或接近完成处置工作的有97户,剩余28户企业的清产核资审计工作已经进入尾声。

地方国企驱动力更强

虽然中央企业和地方国企均已全面启动本轮国企改革,但记者调研发现,改革进展“冷热不均”现象尚存。记者还发现,在今年举牌上市公司的企业中,民营企业和地方国有企业占了主导。据梳理,在国有资本举牌者当中,绝大部分都不是央企。

中国企业海外投资数据显示,原先占据主导的央企也退居二线。中国社科院的一份报告显示,2016年一季度,在中国前十大已完成的海外并购交易中,央企占比只有28%;2016年二季度进一步下降至10%。取而代之的是,地方国企和民营企业成为新的海外投资主力军。在前十大已完成的海外并购交易中,地方国企在今年第一、二季度分别占比为49%和63%。

对此,宝能系一位内部人士认为,国企特别是央企目前对外投资驱动力不足,导致各种市场行为灵活性不够。多家央企负责人认为,央企从制度上出资人缺失、改革起来“一板一眼”更为明显,而地方国企是地方政府“真金白银”,央地改革驱动力有所不同。

一方面,由于央企体量庞大,管理部门繁多,造成要么是一些改革“改没了”,要么是一些改革“改复杂了”。一家同时在内地及香港上市的央企高管说,目前国企出资人缺失问题仍然需要解决。“央企高管是‘花别人的钱给别人办事’,一开始可能还注重个名声,久而久之就腐败了,各种漏洞就出来了。到最后发现不知道谁在管理企业。”

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